Biology Grade 10 Review Quiz + Meiosis

Types of asexual reproduction

1. Binary fission

2. Budding

3. Fragmentation

4. Vegetative propagation

5. Cloning

Binary Fission

Cell duplicating

Budding

Grows on the parent, eventually falls off and grows on its own

Fragmentation

A part that is cut off regrows on its own

Vegetative propagation

root or piece of a plant to sprout

Somatic cells

all body cells made by mitosis

Alleles

different forms of the same genetic sequence

Haploid

single set of chromosomes, 23 pairs, represented by an “n”

Diploid

two sets of chromosomes, 46 pairs, represented by an “2n”

Tetrad

group of 4 chromatids

Synapsis

the process of homologus chromosomes forming a tetrad

Chiasma (plural: chiasmata)

the location of recombination

Recombination/crossing over

when homologus chromosome break at the end and then swap places with the sister/non-sister chromatid = genetic variation

Chromatin

a mix of DNA & proteins that gets packed for chromosomes to be made

Chromosome:

a structure inside the nucleus of a cell

Centriole

Produce spindle fibres, position the nucleus for mitosis

Centromere

Links sister chromatids for mitosis

Chromatid

half of a chromosome that was duplicated for mitosis

Positive regulators

CDK and cyclin

Negative regulator

p53

Hierarchy of life

Subatomic particles, atoms, compounds/molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem

Prokaryote

no organelles ex. bacteria

Eukaryote

organelles ex. animals

Angiogenesis

blood vessels are stimulated for oxygen and development of tumours

Metastases

When malignant tumours break off from the main tumour and grow in different parts of the body

Gametogenesis

the process which cells undergo from meiosis to form gametes

spermatogonium

undifferentiated immature male germ cells

oogonium

undifferentiated immature female germ cells

spermatocyte

a cell that produces sperm cells, diploid

oocyte

a cell in the ovary that produces eggs

spermatids

haploid male gamete, will mature into sperm with a tail

polar body

a cell that separates from the immature ovum during meiosis. it has a nucleus but very little cytoplasm

fertilization

process in which 2 gametes fuse to become a zygote which later develops into a new organism

nondisjunction

a pair of homologus chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis 1 / sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis 2

aneuploidy

abnormal chromosome number - too many or few chromosomes

monosomy

missing a chromosome

polysomy

having an extra chromosome

trisomy

a type of polysomy, having 3 chromosomes

polyploidy

when organisms have more than 2 complete chromosome sets

deletion

segments being exchanged are non-identical. a chromosome exchanges a larger piece of information for a smaller piece of information and loses information

duplication

segment that is lost during deletion results in a duplication on the sister chromatid

inversion

a segment reattaches to a chromatid but in the wrong order - the DNA sequence is reversed

translocation

a segment reattaches to a non homologus chromatid

two types of mistakes in meiosis

abnormal chromosome number, abnormal chromosome structure

trisomy 21

down syndrome, flat nasal bridge, protruding tongue, short neck, poor muscle development

petau

trisomy 13, numerous physical and mental abnormalities, heart defects

edward

trisomy 18, usually stillborn or aborted

females missing a x chromosome/ monosomy x

turner’s syndrome, short stature, webbed neck, cardiovascular problems, lack of ovarian development

triplo-x / trisomy x

females have an extra x chromosome, tall stature, developmental delay

klinefelter

males with an extra x chromosome, difficulty expressing thoughts, ideas, emotions

jacobs

males with an extra y chromosome, decreased sperm quality

cri du chat syndrome

the loss or misplacement of genetic material from the fifth chromosome.

rest of the chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

autosomes

sex organs

gonads

genetics -

scientific study of heredity variation

heredity

the passing of physical/mental characteristics from one generation to another

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid - genetic material of living things. contains info about physical/mental characteristics

gene

a section of DNA that carries info that helps produce a particular trait/characteristic within an organism

genome

an organisms entire genetic makeup

locus

the location of a gene on a chromosome

karyotype

an organized profile of a person’s chromosomes

nucleolus

small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins

granular material visible within the nucleus, consists of DNA tightly coiled into proteins

chromatin

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

endoplasmic reticulum

internal membrane system in cells in which liquid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified

organelle unique to mostly plants that converts sunlight into usuable energy for the cell

chloroplast

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienient for the cell to use

mitochondria

lysosome

digestive bodies that break down certain materials in the cell

cell size

0.2 mm (resolvable by unaided eye) to 0.2 μm

ribosomes

small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled, made of RNA and protein

characteristics of life

growth, reproduction, irritability, metabolism, regulate and communicate, cellular structure, adaptability

why do cells divide?

growth, reproduction, repair

cytokenesis in plants

cell plate

cytokenesis in animals

cleavage furrow