UNLV BIO 191L FINAL

population

group of individuals of the same species in a defined area
ex: all pine trees on campus

community

“all” organisms in a define area

precision

• depends on size of sample and variation

• larger sample = more precision

• less variation = more precision

  • more variation = less precision

statistical varience

• often measures precision

  • smaller varience = greater precision

biased

if mean point of impact is far from the bull’s eye, or true population size, then the estimator is biased

accurate

• centers on true population size

• low varience

• must be unbiased and precise

high precision, unbiased

accurate

high precision, biased

inaccurate

low precision, unbiased

inaccurate

low precision, biased

inaccurate

census

• arrive at the population size, useful in smaller areas, accounting for every member

plot sampling

• divide larger area into smaller areas called plots

• in smaller areas, direct count method then employed

• assumes all plots accurate representation of larger area

calculate from plot sampling technique

[ (P1 + P2) / 2 ] * Ptotal

• count from 1st plot

• count from 2nd plot

• get total of both plots

• divide to get average (Avrg of two nums, divide by 2)

• multiply by total # of plots

Mark-recapture method and assumptions

METHOD

• after area under investigation is defined, the investigator attempts to capture as many of the individuals as possible

• caught individuals are marked, then released back into the same area

ASSUMPTIONS

• between sampling period, population is closed

  • no births or deaths

  • no individuals leave or enter (immigartion or emigration)

• All animlas (marked and unmarked) are equally likely to be captured in each sample

• marks are not lost, gained, or overlooked

Lincoln-Peterson index

N = MC / R

N = total estimated population

M = individuals captured and marked the 1st time

C = individuals captured 2nd time

R = individuals recaptured, or already marked from the 1st time this 2nd time

Shape: Slipper shaped

Size: Large, 250-300μm

Paramecium caudatum

Symbiotic green

algae (Zoochlorella)

Shape: Rotund

Size: 100-150μm

Paramecium bursaria

Shape: Club shaped

Size: Very long (up to 2-3mm)

Size and shape are unique

Spirostomum ambiguum

Pink color

Shape: Pear shaped

Size: ~175μm

Blepharisma lateritium

Two girdles of cilia

Predatory

Didinium nasutum

initial population density

total # individuals desired in diluted 40 mL solution

volume stock reqiored to obtained desired # individuals

H2O needed to get desired vial volume

• desired concentration: 40 indv/mL

• initial stock pop: 320 indv./mL
  
  
  total # individuals desired in 40 mL solution

• desired concentration: 40 indv/ mL

• initial stock pop: 320 indv./mL
  
  
  volume of stock needed to obtain desired number of individuals

• desired concentration: 40 indv./mL

• initial stock pop: 320 indv./mL
  
  
  desired volume

#indv / mL if diluting slides

tissues

composed of more than one type of cell coming together to perform a function

organ

structure with a defined shape that is composed of more than one type of tissue and performs a general role in the body, includes brain, heart, stomach, and urinary bladder

organ systems

combinations of organs which perform a more general role to support health, there are 11 systems of the body

homeostasis

the physiological state of equilibrium maintained by organ systems

Integumentary-Skin

Protection of underlying structures, prevention of fluid loss, temperature regulation

Skeletal-Bones, joints

Support and protection of softer body parts, store minerals, produce blood cells

Muscular-Skeletal muscles

provide body movement, produce heat

Nervous-brain, spinal cord, nerves

monitor changes in the environment, interpret the changes, and initiate responses

Endocrine-Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas glands

alter the activities of cells by the release of hormones in an effort to respond to changes int he body

Cardiovascular-heart, blood vessels

transport of blood throughout all areas of the body

Lymphatic-spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

protection of the body from foreign particles and cells, removal of dead and diseased cells, recycling of fluid back to cardiovascular system

Respiratory-nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the external environment

Digestive-mouth salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, large intestine gallbladder

simplify food particles into their basic components to enable their absorption in the blood stream

Urinary-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, uretha

form urine in order to maintain water balance salt balance, pH, and nitrogenous waste levels in the blood

Reproductive-Male: testes, ductus deferens, urethra, penis, scrotum; Female: ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina

produce gametes for fertilization in order to create new individuals

axial skeleton

supports the torso and includes the spine, rib cage, skull and other associated bones

appendicular skeleton

includes the bones in all four limbs in addition to the pelvic and shoulder girdles

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

renal pyramid

2

renal column

3

cortex

outer layer of the kidney

ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

nephron

the functional unit of the kidney

Adrenal gland

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord, receives information from sensory receptors, coordinates and integrates the information, and initiates and transmits a response

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

nerves and ganglia, afferent (sensory) nerves channel impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, and efferent (motor) nerves, which transmit impulses from the CNS to effector organs such as neurons, muscles, and glands.

cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

olfactory bulb

a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes

medula oblongata

part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels

optic chiasma

the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Tricuspid Valve (Right Atrioventricular Valve)

1-valve

Bicuspid valve (Left Atrioventricular Valve)

2-valve

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

3-valve

Aortic Semilunar Valve

4-valve

Right Atrium

1-chamber

Left Atrium

2-chamber

Right Ventricle

3-chamber

Left Ventricle

4-chamber

Inferior Vena Cava

5-A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

Superior Vena Cava

6-A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

Aorta

7-The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

Pulmonary Trunk

8-carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins

9-a vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

pulmonary trunk (model)

yellow sash of fat that tells you this if the front side of the heart (model)

t-shaped ribbon of fat on back side of heart (model)

Left ventricle (model)

has the most muscle mass because it has to pump blood to the whole body

apex (model)

base (model)

where everything connects

yellow sash of fat that tells you this if the front side of the heart (dissection)

pulmonary trunk (dissection)

t-shaped ribbon of fat on back side of heart (dissection)

left auricle (dissection)

right auricle (dissection)

left ventricle (dissection)

right ventricle (dissection)

right atrium (dissection)

left atrium (dissection)

bicuspid valve (dissection)

tricuspid valve (dissection)

aortic semilunar valve (dissection)

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

chordae tendineae (dissection)

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

trachea

windpipe, with c-shaped cartilage ring which stiffens the windpipe for easy air passage.

lungs

Main organs of the respiratory system

heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.