________ observed that behavior is controlled by its consequences.
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Extinction
________- when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response eventually disappears.
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Punishment
________ conveys little information about how to behave differently.
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Skinner boxes
________ and cumulative recorders are often used when conditioning animals.
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Reinforcers
________- always increase the likelihood of a response.
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Spontaneous recovery
________ is the return of a response that has been extinguished.
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environmental stimuli
Conditioning- involves forming associations between ________ and responses.
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successive approximations
Shaping- method of getting a response to occur in the first place by reinforcing ________ to the desired response.
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permanent change
Learning- any relatively ________ in behavior that occurs due to experience.
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BF Skinner
________- behavior is explainable by looking outside of the individual.
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CR
Conditioned response (________)- response that is elicited by a CS.
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Pavlov
________ was the first to describe and document the form of learning we now call classical conditioning.
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CS
Conditioned stimulus (________)- an originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with a US.
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Principles of conditioning
________ are limited by genetic dispositions and physical characteristics.
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Reinforcement
________ on an intermittent schedule makes a response more resistant to extinction when ________ is discontinued.
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initial learning
Continuous reinforcement- reinforcing a response each time it occurs; most effective for ________.
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discrimination
Stimulus ________- different responses are triggered by stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus in some way.
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Behaviorism
________- school of psychology that accounts for behavior in terms of observable events.
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Stimulus
________ generalization- a response occurs to stimuli that resemble the stimuli present during the original learning.
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Skinner
________: The man and the myth.
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Superstitious behavior
________ can be learned when behavior is coincidentally reinforced.
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neutral stimulus
Learning occurs when a(n) ________ is regularly paired with a US and the ________ becomes a CS that elicits a CR that is similar to the original, unlearned one.
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Negative reinforcement
________- something unpleasant is removed.
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Negative punishment
________- something pleasant is removed.
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Positive reinforcement
________- something pleasant is presented.
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Latent learning
________ is learning that is not immediately revealed through a change in behavior.
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Extrinsic reinforcement
________ may undermine intrinsic reinforcement because the behavior is now viewed as "work "so they should be used sparingly.
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response
Unconditioned ________ (UR)- ________ that is automatically produced.
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Discriminative stimulus
________ is a signal whether a response will pay off; it is said to exert stimulus control over the response because it signals whether the conditions in which the response will be reinforced are present.
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similar stimuli
Stimulus discrimination- the ability to distinguish between ________ and to respond only to the one that results in the reinforcer.
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Behavior modification
________- the use of classical and operant conditioning techniques in real world settings.
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Extinction
________- a previously learned response stops occurring because it is no longer reinforced.
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Punishment
________ is widely used as a means of controlling behavior; ________ is appropriate in situations where the individual's behavior is dangerous.
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Spontaneous recovery
________- after a response has been extinguished, it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time, with exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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stimulus
Unconditioned ________ (US)- ________ eliciting an automatic or reflexive response.
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Punishment
________ is often administered inappropriately or in a state of rage.
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Punishers
________- decrease the likelihood of a response.
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Learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs due to experience
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Behaviorism
school of psychology that accounts for behavior in terms of observable events
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Conditioning
involves forming associations between environmental stimuli and responses
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Unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus eliciting an automatic or reflexive response
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Unconditioned response (UR)
response that is automatically produced
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
an originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with a US
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Conditioned response (CR)
response that is elicited by a CS
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Extinction
when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response eventually disappears
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Spontaneous recovery
after a response has been extinguished, it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time, with exposure to the conditioned stimulus
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Higher‐order conditioning
a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an already established conditioned stimulus
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Stimulus generalization
after a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for some response, similar stimuli may produce the same reaction
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Stimulus discrimination
different responses are triggered by stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus in some way
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Accounting for taste
food and odor likes and dislikes
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B.F. Skinner
behavior is explainable by looking outside of the individual
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Reinforcers
always increase the likelihood of a response
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Positive reinforcement
something pleasant is presented
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Negative reinforcement
something unpleasant is removed
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Punishers
decrease the likelihood of a response
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Positive punishment
something unpleasant occurs
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Negative punishment
something pleasant is removed
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Extinction
a previously learned response stops occurring because it is no longer reinforced
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Stimulus generalization
a response occurs to stimuli that resemble the stimuli present during the original learning
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Stimulus discrimination
the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and to respond only to the one that results in the reinforcer
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Schedule of reinforcement
the pattern of delivery of reinforcements; can have powerful effects on rate, form, and timing of behavior
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Continuous reinforcement
reinforcing a response each time it occurs; most effective for initial learning
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Partial or intermittent schedules
reinforcement occurs only after a certain amount of time has passed or only after a certain number of responses have been made
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Shaping
method of getting a response to occur in the first place by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response
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Skinner
The man and the myth
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Behavior modification
the use of classical and operant conditioning techniques in real world settings
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Alternative to punishment
combine extinction of undesirable behavior with the reinforcement of desirable behavior
Studied by 18 people
