AP Psych Learning

Thorndike

________ observed that behavior is controlled by its consequences.

Extinction

________- when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response eventually disappears.

Punishment

________ conveys little information about how to behave differently.

Skinner boxes

________ and cumulative recorders are often used when conditioning animals.

Reinforcers

________- always increase the likelihood of a response.

Spontaneous recovery

________ is the return of a response that has been extinguished.

environmental stimuli

Conditioning- involves forming associations between ________ and responses.

successive approximations

Shaping- method of getting a response to occur in the first place by reinforcing ________ to the desired response.

permanent change

Learning- any relatively ________ in behavior that occurs due to experience.

BF Skinner

________- behavior is explainable by looking outside of the individual.

CR

Conditioned response (________)- response that is elicited by a CS.

Pavlov

________ was the first to describe and document the form of learning we now call classical conditioning.

CS

Conditioned stimulus (________)- an originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with a US.

Principles of conditioning

________ are limited by genetic dispositions and physical characteristics.

Reinforcement

________ on an intermittent schedule makes a response more resistant to extinction when ________ is discontinued.

initial learning

Continuous reinforcement- reinforcing a response each time it occurs; most effective for ________.

discrimination

Stimulus ________- different responses are triggered by stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus in some way.

Behaviorism

________- school of psychology that accounts for behavior in terms of observable events.

Stimulus

________ generalization- a response occurs to stimuli that resemble the stimuli present during the original learning.

Skinner

________: The man and the myth.

Superstitious behavior

________ can be learned when behavior is coincidentally reinforced.

neutral stimulus

Learning occurs when a(n) ________ is regularly paired with a US and the ________ becomes a CS that elicits a CR that is similar to the original, unlearned one.

Negative reinforcement

________- something unpleasant is removed.

Negative punishment

________- something pleasant is removed.

Positive reinforcement

________- something pleasant is presented.

Latent learning

________ is learning that is not immediately revealed through a change in behavior.

Extrinsic reinforcement

________ may undermine intrinsic reinforcement because the behavior is now viewed as "work "so they should be used sparingly.

response

Unconditioned ________ (UR)- ________ that is automatically produced.

Discriminative stimulus

________ is a signal whether a response will pay off; it is said to exert stimulus control over the response because it signals whether the conditions in which the response will be reinforced are present.

similar stimuli

Stimulus discrimination- the ability to distinguish between ________ and to respond only to the one that results in the reinforcer.

Behavior modification

________- the use of classical and operant conditioning techniques in real world settings.

Extinction

________- a previously learned response stops occurring because it is no longer reinforced.

Punishment

________ is widely used as a means of controlling behavior; ________ is appropriate in situations where the individual's behavior is dangerous.

Spontaneous recovery

________- after a response has been extinguished, it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time, with exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

stimulus

Unconditioned ________ (US)- ________ eliciting an automatic or reflexive response.

Punishment

________ is often administered inappropriately or in a state of rage.

Punishers

________- decrease the likelihood of a response.

Learning

any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs due to experience

Behaviorism

school of psychology that accounts for behavior in terms of observable events

Conditioning

involves forming associations between environmental stimuli and responses

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

stimulus eliciting an automatic or reflexive response

Unconditioned response (UR)

response that is automatically produced

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

an originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with a US

Conditioned response (CR)

response that is elicited by a CS

Extinction

when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response eventually disappears

Spontaneous recovery

after a response has been extinguished, it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time, with exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Higher‐order conditioning

a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an already established conditioned stimulus

Stimulus generalization

after a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for some response, similar stimuli may produce the same reaction

Stimulus discrimination

different responses are triggered by stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus in some way

Accounting for taste

food and odor likes and dislikes

B.F. Skinner

behavior is explainable by looking outside of the individual

Reinforcers

always increase the likelihood of a response

Positive reinforcement

something pleasant is presented

Negative reinforcement

something unpleasant is removed

Punishers

decrease the likelihood of a response

Positive punishment

something unpleasant occurs

Negative punishment

something pleasant is removed

Extinction

a previously learned response stops occurring because it is no longer reinforced

Stimulus generalization

a response occurs to stimuli that resemble the stimuli present during the original learning

Stimulus discrimination

the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and to respond only to the one that results in the reinforcer

Schedule of reinforcement

the pattern of delivery of reinforcements; can have powerful effects on rate, form, and timing of behavior

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcing a response each time it occurs; most effective for initial learning

Partial or intermittent schedules

reinforcement occurs only after a certain amount of time has passed or only after a certain number of responses have been made

Shaping

method of getting a response to occur in the first place by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response

Skinner

The man and the myth

Behavior modification

the use of classical and operant conditioning techniques in real world settings

Alternative to punishment

combine extinction of undesirable behavior with the reinforcement of desirable behavior