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Iron Triangles
Alliances of Congressional Committees, Bureaucratic agencies, and Interest Groups that are prominent in specific policy areas.
Issue Networks
Temporary coalitions that form to promote a common issue or agenda.
Participatory Democracy
A model of representative democracy which emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society.
Pluralist Democracy
A model of representative democracy which emphasizes
group-based activism by nongovernmental interests striving for impact on political decision making.
Elite Democracy
A model of representative democracy which emphasizes limited participation in politics and civil society.
Party Coalition
Formed when two or more parties or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common policy goal.
Free Rider Problem
Free riders are individuals who benefit from the work of an interest group without providing financial support.
Interest groups may deal with this issue by providing selective benefits, goods and services that are only available to members, to encourage more people to join.
Amicus Curiae Brief
A written document submitted as a “friend of the Court” to provide additional information for Justices to consider when reviewing a case.
Formal Power
The powers of the president outlined in Article II are known as formal powers such as nominate officials, veto laws, make treaties, etc,…
Informal Power
Over the years presidents have claimed other powers extending past their formal powers, known as informal powers such as issuing executive orders and signing statements.
Vetoes
President can veto legislation passed by Congress.
Pocket Vetoes
An indirect veto, which the president can use by neither signing nor vetoing a bill passed by Congress fewer than 10 days before it adjourns.
Executive Agreement
An international agreement between the president and another country, which does not require the consent of the Senate.
Executive Order
A presidential order to the executive branch that carries the force of law. The Supreme Court can rule executive orders unconstitutional.
Signing Statement
A presidential statement upon signing a bill into law, which explains how president’s administration intends to interpret the law.
State of the Union Address
The president’s annual message to a joint session of Congress, which includes recommended legislation and evaluations of the nation’s top priorities and economic health.
Federalist 70
Offers justification for a single executive by arguing a strong executive is “essential to the protection of the country against foreign attacks, to the steady administration of the laws, to the protection of property, and to the security of liberty”.
22nd Amendment
Which established presidential term limits, demonstrates concern about the expansion of presidential power.
President’s Bully Pulpit
A bully pulpit is a public office or position of authority that provides the president with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter.
Federal Bureaucracy
The federal bureaucracy is composed of departments, agencies, commissions, and government corporations that implement policy by:
Writing and enforcing regulations
Issuing fines
Testifying before Congress
Forming iron triangles
Creating issue networks
Civil Service Merit System
Prioritizes hiring and promotion based on professionalism, specialization, and neutrality, as opposed to political patronage.
Bureaucracy’s Discretionary Power (Authority)
The federal bureaucracy uses discretionary power as delegated by Congress to interpret and implement policies.
Through their rule-making authority, federal Bureaucratic agencies utilize their discretion to create and enforce regulations.
Congressional Oversight of the Bureaucracy
To ensure that legislation is implemented as intended includes:
Review, monitoring, and supervision of bureaucratic agencies
Investigation and committee hearings of bureaucratic activity
Power of the purse (the ability of Congress to check the bureaucracy by appropriating o withholding funds)
As a means to curtail the use of presidential power, Congressional oversight serves as a check of executive authorization.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibits discrimination in public places, provides for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and makes employment discrimination illegal.
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972
Prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Prohibits racial discrimination in voting.