Physiology Flashcards: Circulatory and Immune Systems

Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Right atrium

Chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Right ventricle

Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Left atrium

Chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to body

Left ventricle

Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

Pulmonary artery

Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body

Aorta

Valve between atria and ventricles

Atrioventricular valve

Valve between ventricles and arteries

Semilunar valve

Junctions connecting cardiac muscle cells

Intercalated disks

Hold cardiac cells together under stress

Desmosomes

Allow ion flow between cardiac cells

Gap junctions

Make up 99% of heart cells, cause contraction

Contractile cells

1% of heart cells, generate electrical signals

Conducting (autorhythmic) cells

Carry blood to the heart

Veins

Carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

Small arteries that regulate blood flow

Arterioles

Site of exchange between blood and tissues

Capillaries

Collect blood from capillaries

Venules

Circuit that moves blood between heart and lungs

Pulmonary circuit

Circuit that moves blood between heart and body

Systemic circuit

Amount of blood ejected per beat

Stroke volume

Amount of blood ejected per minute

Cardiac output

Stretching heart muscle increases contraction force

Frank-Starling Law

One complete heartbeat

Cardiac cycle

Number of heart beats per minute

Heart rate

Blood returned to heart

Venous return

Volume left in ventricle after contraction

End-systolic volume

Volume in ventricle before contraction

End-diastolic volume

Heart contraction phase

Systole

Heart relaxation phase

Diastole

Channels that slowly depolarize autorhythmic cells

If channels

Ion causing initial depolarization in pacemaker cells

Na+

Ion entering during action potential in pacemaker cells

Ca2+

Ion exiting during repolarization of pacemaker cells

K+

Unstable membrane potential in pacemaker cells

Pacemaker potential

Resting membrane potential in contractile cells

-90 mV

Ion channel opening for rapid depolarization

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

Ion exiting contractile cell for repolarization

K+

Ion entering for plateau phase in contractile cells

Ca2+

Ion channel causing slow repolarization

Slow K+ channels

Smallest blood vessel where exchange occurs

Capillaries

Regulate resistance and blood flow

Arterioles

Carry blood toward the heart

Veins

Max pressure in arteries during systole

Systolic

Min pressure in arteries during diastole

Diastolic

Amount of blood pumped by heart per minute

Cardiac output

Volume of blood in circulation

Total blood volume

Resistance of entire vascular system

Total peripheral resistance

Vasoconstriction effect on resistance

More

Vasodilation effect on resistance

Less

Effect of nitric oxide on blood flow

Increased

Effect of histamine on blood flow

Increased

Effect of serotonin on blood flow

Decreased

Effect of high oxygen on blood flow

Decreased

Effect of high CO2 on blood flow

Increased

Vasopressin

Vasoconstrictor

Natriuretic peptides

Vasodilator

Acetylcholine

Vasodilator

Capillaries with pores, found in kidneys

Fenestrated capillaries

Tightly joined capillaries in brain/muscle

Continuous capillaries

Leaky capillaries in liver and spleen

Sinusoids

Movement of small molecules like O2

Diffusion

Transport of large molecules via vesicles

Transcytosis

Fluid movement out of capillaries

Filtration

Fluid movement into capillaries

Absorption

Osmotic pressure due to proteins

Colloid osmotic pressure

Pressure from blood pushing outward

Hydrostatic pressure

Swelling due to excess fluid

Edema

Liquid portion of blood

Plasma

Proteins dissolved in plasma

Proteins dissolved in plasma

Plasma

Proteins dissolved in plasma

Plasma proteins

Most abundant plasma protein

Albumin

Plasma protein involved in clotting

Fibrinogen

Plasma proteins functioning as antibodies

Immunoglobulins

Red blood cells

Erythrocytes

White blood cells

Leukocytes

Platelets

Thrombocytes

Cell that produces platelets

Megakaryocyte

Stem cell for all blood cells

Pluripotent hematopoietic

Site of blood cell production

Bone marrow

Formation of blood cells

Hematopoiesis

Proteins that stimulate blood cell production

Cytokines

Cytokines that stimulate WBC production

Colony-stimulating factors

Hormone for RBC production

Erythropoietin

Hormone for platelet production

Thrombopoietin

% of RBCs in blood

Hematocrit

Mature RBCs lack this

Nucleus

RBCs also lack these energy-producing organelles

Mitochondria

Shape or size of cells

Morphology

Genetic RBC disorder with abnormal shape

Sickle cell disease

Average volume of a RBC

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Protein that binds O2 in RBCs

Hemoglobin

Yellow breakdown product of hemoglobin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is excreted in

Bile

Low RBC count or hemoglobin

Anemia

Process of stopping blood loss

Hemostasis

First step in hemostasis

Vasoconstriction

Cell fragments that help form clots

Platelets

Chemical signals involved in clotting

Positive

Series of steps to form fibrin clot