Developmental Stages

Freud, Erikson, Piaget

Freud’s Stages

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Erikson’s Stages

trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion

Piaget’s Stages

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

oral stage

pleasure through oral activities: sucking, feeding, chewing

anal stage

toilet training

phallic stage

aware of gender differences and identify with their same-sex parent

latency stage

more energy toward friendships, hobbies, and skill development

genital stage

puberty and interest in intimate relationships

trust vs. mistrust

infants learn whether caregivers and the world are safe and reliable based on if needs were or were not met

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

toddlers develop independence and self-control through exploration, or they feel ashamed of their abilities and doubt themselves when overly restricted or criticized 

initiative vs. guilt

preschoolers learn to take initiative in activities, or they may develop guilt about their actions

industry vs. inferiority

school-age children build competence through achievement and productive work, or they may feel inferior and inadequate when they perceive themselves as unsuccessful compared with others

identity vs. role confusion

adolescents explore and integrate their values, beliefs, and future roles to form a stable sense of self, or they may experience confusion about who they are and where they fit in society

sensorimotor

infants learn the world through their senses and physical action

preoperational

children use language, symbols, and imagination to represent objects and experiences

concrete operaitonal

children begin thinking logically about concrete, real-life situations and objects

formal operational

adolescents develop the ability to think abstractly and logically