Psychological Disorders: Trauma, Dissociation, Neurodevelopmental, and Personality Disorders

trauma and stress related disorders

disorders that develop following exposure to traumatic or highly stressful events; involve emotional distress, cognitive, and physiological symptoms

PTSD

pathological response to a traumatic event that includes reliving the trauma, negative changes in mood, and chronic arousal

intrusive symptoms

recurrent, unwanted memories, nightmares, or flashbacks

avoidance

efforts to avoid trauma reminders

negative mood/cognition

emotional numbness, guilt, detachment, negative response

hyperarousal

heightened alertness, irritability, insomnia, exaggerated startle response

Acute stress disorder

short term PTSD like reactions lasting 3 days to 1 month after trauma exposure

adjustment disorders

a person experiences a known stressor and has an emotional or behavioral reaction that is stronger than expected because they are having trouble coping

Reactive attachment disorder

a childhood disorder caused by severe neglect or abuse, resulting in emotional withdrawal and lack of attachment to caregivers

trauma

exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or sexual violence

Dissociation

a split of ones consciousness or attention into separate streams

trigger

a stimulus that reminds the person of the trauma and provokes symptoms

hypervigilance

constant alertness for potential danger

EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)

a therapy that helps reprocess traumatic memories

CBT(cognitive behavioral theory)

Cognitive therapy that targets trauma related thoughts and behaviors

dissociative disorders

involves a sudden loss of integration of consciousness, identity, or memory. This disorder is often seen in response to a trauma to protect the individuals from painful experiences or memories

dissociative identity disorder(DID)

the presence of 2 or more distinct identities that exist within one person, and each identity has its own unique attributes

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory of important, often personal, info that exceeds typical forgetting processes

depersonalization

feeling unreal or disconnected from one's body or self

derealization

feeling that the world is unreal or dreamlike

alter identities

distinct personality states seen in DID

memory fragmentation

disconnected recall of past experiences

trauma based etiology

a cause rooted in overwhelming traumatic experiences

state dependent memory

recall that occurs only when a person is in the same emotional state as during encoding

neurodevelopmental disorders

conditions that emerge during childhood and slow neurological growth or interfere with the achievement of certain cognitive or social milestones

ADHD(attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)

a condition marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with daily life

ASD is characterized by

a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes deficits in social communication and interactions, along with restricted and repetitive behaviors, interests and, activities

Intellectual developmental disorder

consists of deficits in general mental abilities across a wide range of domains

Specific learning disorder

neurologically based difficulty learning to read, write, or do math

communication disorder

presence of multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic lasting over 1 year

exectutive functioning

skills involving attention, planning, emotional control

neruoplasticity

the brains ability to change with learning and experience

adaptive functioning

skills for daily independent living

developmental milestones

expected skills at certain ages

comorbid

having more than one diagnosis at the same time

sensory processing issues

over or under reactivity to sensory stimuli

neurocognitive disorders

appear later in life and are cognitive declines that arise out of medical conditions, or from substance withdrawal or intoxication

delirium

a sudden temporary state of cinfusion caused by infection, drugs, or illness, often reversible

major neurocognitive disorder

severe conginitive decline that interferes with daily functioning (dementia)

alzheimers diease

memory loss caused by abnormal buildpu of amyloid plaques anf tau tangles in the brain

vascular dementia

fluctuating cognition with hallucinations and motor symptoms

frontotemporal dementia

personality and behavioral changes due to frontal lobe degeneration

amnesia

memory loss

aphasia

inability to understand or express language

apraxia

difficulty performing learned movements

agnosia

inability to recognize objects or people

neurodegeneration

preogressive loss of neuron function

sundowning

worsening confusion at night

personality disorders

long term patterns of inflexible thinking and behavior that deviate from cultural expectations and impair daily functioning

Paranoid PD

pervasive distrust and suspicion

schizoid PD

emotional detachment and preference for isolation

schizotypal PD

odd beliefs and magical thinking

antisocial PD

disregard for laws or others' rights.

Borderline PD (BPD)

Emotional instability, impulsivity, fear of abandonment.

Histrionic PD

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

Narcissistic PD

Grandiosity and lack of empathy.

Avoidant PD

Social avoidance due to fear of rejection.

Dependent PD

Excessive reliance on others.

Obsessive

Compulsive PD (OCPD) - Perfectionism and extreme control.

Ego syntonic

Behavior that feels appropriate or acceptable to the person.

Emotional dysregulation

Difficulty controlling emotions.

Poor insight

lack of awareness of symptoms

DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy)

Treatment used especially for BPD.

schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

Conditions involving psychosis — disconnection from reality with hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking.

Hallucinations

Sensory perceptions without stimulation.

Delusions

False fixed beliefs.

Flat affect

Reduced emotional expression.

Avolition

loss of motivation

Alogia

reduced speech

Anhedonia

Inability to feel pressure

Schizophrenia like symptoms last

1 to 6 months.

Sudden psychosis, often stress related lasted

less than 1 month

delusional disorder

presence of persistent delusions without major hallucinations or impaired functioning

Schizoaffective Disorder

combination of schizophrenia symptoms and mood disorder episodes

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality

Dopamine Hypothesis

Theory that excess dopamine causes psychosis.

Prodromal Phase

Early warning period before full symptoms.

Catatonia

Motor disturbance involving immobility or agitation.

Thought broadcasting

Belief that others hear one's thoughts.

Antipsychotics

Medications that block dopamine receptors.

DSM

5-TR - Diagnostic manual for mental disorders.

Etiology

Cause of disease (biological, psychological, social).

Biopsychosocial Model

Interaction of body, mind, and environment.

Stigma

Prejudice toward people with mental illness.

Remission

Reduction or disappearance of symptoms.

Severity continuum

symptoms vary in intensity over time

Diagnosis

putting a label to a disorder whose symptoms tend to occur together

classical categorization

each category is distinct and based on a certain set of symptoms

dimensional approach

based on degree of certain symptoms and typically on a continuum and culturally relevant

prototypical approach

symptoms of abnormal behavior are assumed to have a combination of symptoms and are complex and salienta

depersonalization derealization disorder

when a person feels cut off from their own body, as if they are watching their own body from above

ADHD biological treatments

treatments utilize stimulant medications; including Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexedrine

ADHD cognitive behavioral treatments

behavioral approaches focus on reinforcement of appropriate and prosocial behaviors

ASD rate

1 out of 36 kids in US (2.8%)

ASD biological models and treatments

string genetic component, those with a sibling with autism spectrum disorder 50 times as likely to have it

cognitive behavioral models and treatment

operant conditioning and assistive communication devices

sociocultural models and treatments

research looking at parenting styles has not found significant results; school based programs, parentsing programs, support based programs

conceptual skills domain of adaptive functioning

allow us to think through abstract ideas and complex issues and problem solve

social skills domain of adaptive functioning

make us aware of others

practical skills domain of adaptive functioning

allow us to undertake personal care and work