NPB101: Neurophysiology Part 1

A Basic Overview of the Central Nervous System

Glial Cells

Are support cells

Transduction

all the stimuli are of different “flavors” (different modalities)

Transduction examples

Hear: sound waves hit air and travel through cochlea then you will do transduction

Light waves: light bounce to your eye, your retina, the photoreceptors will transduce it

AP is an ____ signal

electrical

In Transduction you want to convert everything to an _____ signal

electrical

Cant detect microwaves why?

We don’t have the receptor for it!

The NS (nervous system) _____ & _____ signals

processes & integrates

T/F: the NS controls only voluntary activities

False, the NS control both voluntary and involuntary activities

The NS functions with ____ regulation

homeostatic

The NS functions with higher ____ function

cognitive

T/F: We only use 10% of our brain

FALSE! We use 100% of our brain 10% would mean we would be functionally DEAD!

What are the parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

3. Retina

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Afferent Division sensories

• Somatic

• Visceral

• Special

What is the afferent division?

The afferent division bring info to the CNS (they are sensory in nature)

T/F: the Visceral sensory is involuntary

This is true because we aren’t actively controlling this function

Efferent Division motors

• Somatic: control GI tract (involuntary)

• Autonomic

  • Sympathetic

  • Parasympathetic

  • Enteric

The efferent divison brings ___ to the ____

info, organs

Somatic motor

Voluntary movement (like moving hand)

T/F: Autonomic is voluntary

False it is involuntary

Autonomic motor

• Sympathetic: involuntary, influenced by stimuli, fight or flight, stress

• Parasympathetic: involuntary, rest and safety

• Enteric: NS of your GI tract

T/F: The Somatic motor from Efferent Division is involuntary

True it is involuntary

T/F: Sympathetic from Autonomic motor from Efferent Division is involuntary

True, you do not have control over it

T/F: You are not influenced by stimuli that activates sympathetic actions from autonomic motor

False, you are influences by stimuli that activates sympathetic action from autonomic motor and this can be being scared (fast heart beat) when receiving a pop quiz

The ___ communication in our NS is the ____

main, neuron

What two cells do myelination?

A) Astrocytes and Schwann cells
B) Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
C) Microglia and astrocytes
D) Ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes

B) Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Astrocytes

The most idea environment for our neurons, they regulate Brain ECF

Ependymal cell

produce cerebral fluid

Where are Ependymal cells created?

Ependymal cells are in the choroid plexus in the ventricles

T/F: Oligodendrocytes are the most important type of glial cells

False, while they are important for the formation of myelin, Astrocytes are the most important as they regulate environments like for brain ECF

Neurons are ____ cells

communication

Afferent neurons do ____ pathways

sensory

Efferent neurons do ____ pathways

motor

Interneurons

make all the decisions

T/F: Interneurons don’t do much processing

False, interneurons do a tremendous amount of processing

Nerve tract

take a bunch of neurons and get their axons and put it in a big bundle

Most ___ processes are ____ into nerves

neuronal, bundles

How do we protect out Spinal column/brain?

We protect our spinal column/brain with the meninges

What does the Meninges cover specifically

The meninges covers the CNS

The Meninges

Protection layers of the spinal and brain

What is flowing in between the layers of meninges and the bone?

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal Fluid

• Shock Absorber

• Allows exchange between the brain ECF and blood

How is Cerebrospinal fluid a shock absorber?

Well if you wack your head the fluid absorb a bit of that pressure

How does the Cerebrospinal Fluid allow exchange between the brain ECF and blood?

This is homeostatically regulated as we move stuff between the blood and it goes into the cerebrospinal fluid and then into the brain ECF, so like a mediator: ensure brain ECF is pristine

What do we keep producing the Cerebrospinal Fluid?

• A) The Choroid Plexus

• B) The Arachnoid Villi

• C) The Pia Mater

• D) Ependymal cells

• D) Ependymal cells

T/F: Cerebrospinal fluid gets discarded and remade

False, Cerebrospinal fluid is recycled: ventricles where ependymal cells are crank out this spinal fluid that goes into our ventricles and drains down the spinal cord and comes back up from spinal cord and then comes on the outside of the brain and drains back into the blood

Blood Brain Barrier info below

Flashcards 48-63

What is this?

Fenestrated Capillary

Fenestrated

A bunch of holes inside it; holes

Capillary

Exchange material between your blood and the tissue

Where are Fenestrated Capillaries located?

Outside of the CNS

T/F: Fenestrated Capillaries keep all the material inside

False, most are actually leaky, look at the pores

T/F: Anything in our blood is stuck and cannot go to the ECF

False, it can actually cruise on through out of the liquid of our blood (plasma) and into the ECF

What kind of cells are these?

Endothelial cells

T/F: The endothelial cells are pretty loose

False, endothelial cells are actually pretty cemented together (tightly packed)

What kind of cells are these?

Astrocyte

Astrocytes are what type of cells?

Glial cells

What do these two tissues do together

They are transport mechanisms as the regulate & prevent things from going directly to the blood into the brain ECF

Where are these located?

Endothelial cells and Astrocytes are located in most regions of the CNS

Are these capillaries leaky?

NO they are not leaky, they are actually tight junctions

T/F: Endothelial tissues and Astrocytes are a preventative barrier

True, they prevent blood from going into the brain ECF

T/F: The brain ECF doesn’t matter what state it is in (ex: bad or good)

False, It definitely does matter, brain ECF needs to be in pristine condition

T/F: Substances only enter the brain via transport process through endothelial cells only

False, substances can enter the brain via transport process through the endothelial cells and astrocytes