CD Unit 3 Exam

After a child's third birthday, the rate of growth slows to about how many inches per year?

2.5-3

What are scale errors in early childhood development?

Their attempt to do something that is physically impossible

When does the corpus collosum reach its peak in myelination?

Early childhood

The “just right” principle in young children tells us that ___

Children can be very picky - can be considered obsessive/compulsive for adults but fvine in children

Where does the primary processing of emotions occur in the brain and what other areas are involved?

The limbic system, many other brain areas are involved

Adults who were abused in childhood tend to form their earliest memories 2-3 years later than the general population?

Tendency to subconsciously suppress their bad memories

between ages 2 and 6, the brain grows from 75% to 90% of its adult weight, with increases in areas that allow for____?

Advanced language and social understanding

What is infantile amnesia?

Adults' inability to remember what happened before age 2

According to Freud’s trauma theory, what causes infantile amnesia?

Our brain's subconscious desire to repress traumatic memories

Why are events such as hospitalization and the birth of a sibling correlated with an earlier offset of childhood amnesia

Emotional memory tends to be remembered better

In  developing countries, what is the leading cause of death for young children during early childhood

Accidental injury

Which concept do young children typically struggle to understand, where they fail to realize that a physical substance remains the same even when its appearance changes?

Conservation

When young children play hide-and-seek and cover their eyes, thinking others can’t see them, this behavior best illustrates which cognitive concept?

egocentrism

What factor is considered the biggest influence on whether a person becomes left or right-handed?

Prenatal factors

What does animism refer to in child development?

Our tendency to project human feelings and personality on animals and objects

What does egocentric speech refer to in child development?

Talking to ourselves for self-guidance

What are the two shortcomings of Piaget’s theory

It underestimates children’s cognitive abilities and development is more continuous than what is proposed by Piaget

What does egocentrism refer to in child development?

Inability to understand that other people have different perspectives, mental states, etc.

What are the two most common forms of family structure?

Nuclear and extended

What does a nuclear family consist of?

Parents and children, including single parents

What are the four main patterns of parenting?

Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged

The behavior of parents with an authoritarian parenting style include…

Physical punishment, obedience/beatings?

The behavior of authoritative parents…

Some control and express warmth, the balance between permissive and authoritarian, is considered the best

What is the most powerful predictor of children’s intellectual development when they enter school?

Families socioeconomic status

What brain regions are most affected by poverty

Language, memory, and decision making; profoundly affected

 Is growing up in poverty associated with a smaller or larger hippocampus?

smaller

Characteristics commonly observed in children  of adolescent parents

More aggressive, less self-control, and less intellectually advanced

According to Piaget, early childhood falls within which stage of cognitive development?

Preoperational

According to Piaget, what is symbolic thinking?

Our use of symbolic tools (language and image) to represent real objects

Effect of Project head start on children’s IQ development

Short-term improvement (will disappear in 2-3 years)

According to Freud, what happens during the Phallic stage of psychosexual development, typically 

Children regard their genitals as a major source of pleasure

According to Freud, what is the Oedipus Complex?

Children’s unconscious desire for the opposite sex parent

According to the Social Learning View, which two processes are crucial in the development of gender roles?

Modeling and differential reinforcement

According to the cognitive development view

A child’s understanding and conceptualization of gender

Kohlberg’s three stages of gender role development

Gender identity, gender stability, gender consistency

According to Jean Piaget, what characterizes heteronomous morality in early childhood?

External authority and objective consequences

What is instrumental aggression

To get/take something from somebody

What best describes relational aggression

Something that can hurt someone's social/relational status (gossiping)

Violence in children's programs compared to adult programs?

Children's programs are 2-3x more violent than adults'

During whch period of time does a child’s BMI typically reach its lowest point?

middle-childhood

What is a primary caused of the rise in nearsightedness (myopia) during middle childhood?

Reading and screen use

The relationship between BMI and percentage of body fat depends on which of the following?

age, sex, ethnicity

When do fine motor skills typically reach adult maturity?

The end of middle-childhood

Girls tend to perform better than boys in which of the following gross motor skills?

Skipping, hopping, and gymnastics - require balance and foot movement

According to Piaget, which cognitive stage is typically associated with children during middle childhood?

Concrete operational stage

According to Piaget, what does the concept of transivity imply?

the understanding that if a>b and b>c, then a>c

What does the theory of mind refer to?

Our ability to understand that others have different mental status

What does the False Belief Test access?

Our ability to use the Theory of Mind

What does metacognition refer to?

Our ability to think about thinking

What does emergent numeracy refer to?

Our foundational knowledge and skills to understand mathematics

According to Piaget, which of the following activities would be appropriate?

Sensory-motor reading activities - colorful images, board books that can stimulate senses

According to the Innate Hypothesis of Intelligence, what is intelligence primarily considered to be?

inborn (unchangable)

According to Spearmen, what does the “g” factor in intelligence represent?

General intellegence

According to research, what is the relationship between genetic closeness and IQ correlation?

The closer, the higher the correlation; our IQ score is primarily determined by genes

According to Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences, how many types of intelligence are there?

9

Kohlberg’s Preconventional Level of moral development…

Is based on the avoidance of punishment and the seeking of rewards

Common sources of a child’s baseline self-esteem are…

Values, parents self-esteem

How do self-evaluations typically change during middle childhood?

1- becomes more differentiated, 2- becomes more integrated, 3- understand difference between actual and ideal self

Main critiques of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

The theory is focused on boys, there is a general difference, 

According to Carol Gilligan’s critique of Kohlberg’s theory, how do men and women typically differ in their definitions of morality

Men focus on justice and women focus on care and responsibility