pp 17 - christopher columbus and th conquest of th caribbean

what were the four main events that preceded the discovery of america

the fall of constantinople, ferdinand of argon married isabell of castile, geopolitical agreement between portugal and castile, unsuspected strategic importance of the canary islands

describe the fall of constantinople

expansion of the ottoman empire blocks the trade with asia via the mediterranean and land routes

what was the effect of the marriage of ferdinand marrying isabella

changing the balance of power on the iberian peninsula

describe the geopolitical agreement between portugla nd castile

treaty of alcacovas and aeterni regis comfirmed castile possessed the canary islands and gave portugal non christian territoires from south of canary isalnds and along african coast to the indies

descibe the strategic importance of the canary isalnds

castiles only maritime expansion otpion was to head westward from these islands

what was the traditional view of christopher columbus

born in italy to wool weavers

what wsa the spanish theory of christopher columbus

some claim he was from catalonia, galicia or castile

what was the portugues theory of christopher columbus

linked to a secret agent or nobleman serving portugal

what was the jewish/converso view of christopher columbus

concealed his jewish origins during the inquisition

why are there so many views of christopher columbus

gaps and inconsistencies in early records, comlumbus writings were ambigoousand secret, national and political pride influenced historical interpretation, in 2024dna showed his origin as western mediterranean origin and posibly jewis 

wha t is the chloarly consensus of the origin of christopher columbus

mos historians still support the genoa origin

describe where columbis wanted to go

influenced by marco polo’s voyages, columpus aimed to ail westward despite cosmographic errors in calculations

what was portugals opinion oncolmbus asia adventure

did not align with portugals priorities and the provisions of the treaty of alcacovas

what as castiles opinion on the asia expidition

talked to catholic monarchs during their own struggles in the war ut they were skeptical about columbus geographical claim - ferdinand was not interested in supporting him but isabella decided to support him

what was the capitulations of sante fe

agreements between christopher columbus and catholic monarchs of spain - formal support for the expedition

what were columbus’s demands

sought titles(admiral of the ocena sea, civero governor-general and don) a tenth of any wealth discovered 

what was the catholic monarchs perspective

low risk high reward gample, they gave him fleet of three privately owned ships none of which were suitable - he was assigned the slowest

what were the portuguese versus castilian claims

portugal - columbus’s discoveries fell under the treaty of alcocovasand belonged to them
castilian - that they were west of canaris - so they sought the pope’s meditation

what was the treat of tordesillas

pope alexcander a line, including small part of brazil in portugals domain, portugal fought this treaty and then it moved more west

what was the treaty of zaragoza

spain and portugal extended the tordesillas line around the globe to seperate the pacific territories

what were he challenges to the spnih portugues hegemony

england, france adn netherlands contested these treaties o legal religious and humanitarian gorunds as they expanded

what were the social origins of the conquistadors

humble background poor noblemen, they ahd experiences in warfare and had aspirations of finding wealth or spread christianity

what was the culture and worldview of the conquistadors

influenced by christianity, they believed in european superiority with their miltiary training emphasising discipline, honor and loyalty 

what were the motivations of the conquistadors

wealth and land, power and titles, adventure and pesonal fame, religious zeal

what were the methods and practises of the conquistadors

small mobile forces(cavalry, firearms adn steel armor), alliance with indigenous groups and explotation of local political rivalries

why did spain do a conquest without an army

provate public partnership - dpain didnt use its ,ilitary in the conquest of america but the conquistadors came from military backgrounds

what was the indigenous legal status in conquests of america

they were considered pagan. Not under control of teh inquisition - they were to be converted peacefully or vassals they were entitlted to elgal protections but mostly spaniars were not interest in these

what were the laws of burgos

establisheing rules of coexistance with indigenous people, provided a blueprint for colonial society a a whole

what is an encomienda system

crown granted land and labour to spanish conquistadors but led to land dispossession, forced conversion and mass enslavement of indigenous people

what was the demographic 

replace indigenous forced labour with african slaves - huge demographic collapse

what were the critixcs of the conquest

easrly figures thoroughly oppossed

what is the definition and purpose of teh requerimiento

a legal declaration issued by the spanish crown, read aloud to indigenous peole before military action demanding submission to the crown

what. was the content of the requerimiento

explqained the pope had granteed the lands to spain and warned of war, enslavement or death if they resisted

what was the function of the requerimiento in practise

served as a formal justification and oftern read to empty villages or in languages they didnt understand

what was the requerimientos connection to modern practises

similar to reading rights or the way modern armies notify civilians before attacks

what delayed the spanish crowns full focus on teh new world territories

the death of queen isabella - issue of succession took their time

what did king ferdinand then do 

diverted the attention away from the new worldhe aimed to strengthen spains position against france 

what did spains search for gold lead to

the search for gold led to brutal violence against indigenous population, forced labour and explotation with many diseases - it increased the reliance on african labour as the demographic changed

what challenged did charles V face

upon inheriting the throne, he struggled to control spain he was divided in his focus being the holy roman empire meaning his ability to govern the spanish indies effectively

who invaded mexico

hernan coretes conquests mexico without spain fure to their distractions he described the wealth which made spain want to engage in the americas for further expansion.