NCMA215 Midterm Practice Flashcards

These vocabulary flashcards cover the fundamental concepts of nutrition, metabolic processes, malnutrition types, nutritional assessment tools, and dietary therapies discussed in the NCMA215 midterm lecture notes.

Nutrition

The interaction between an organism and consumed food, encompassing what is eaten and how the body utilizes it.

Nutritive value

The nutrient content measured within a specific amount of food.

Carbohydrate Calorie Value

$$4\,kcal/g$$

Protein Calorie Value

$$4\,kcal/g$$

Fat Calorie Value

$$9\,kcal/g$$

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic process of converting protein into glucose.

Ketosis

A metabolic state resulting from low carbohydrate intake where fat breakdown produces ketone bodies.

Glucose

Known as 'blood sugar', 'dextrose', or 'grape sugar'; it is the simplest sugar used by the brain, nerves, and RBCs.

Fructose

Known as 'fruit sugar' or 'levulose'; it is considered the sweetest sugar.

Galactosemia

A metabolic disorder where the body cannot metabolize galactose, screened via RA 9288 (Newborn Screening Act).

Lactose

Known as 'milk sugar'; a disaccharide composed of Glucose + Galactose and the least sweet sugar.

Dextrin

A low-molecular-weight carbohydrate formed as an intermediate during starch hydrolysis or digestion.

Glycogenolysis

The process of converting liver glycogen back into glucose to maintain blood sugar levels.

Dietary Fiber

Also known as 'roughage'; an indigestible plant cell wall component that adds bulk and acts as a digestive tract 'broom'.

Albumin

A simple protein that dissolves in water and helps maintain normal osmotic pressure in body fluids.

Essential Amino Acids (EAA)

Indispensable amino acids that the body cannot produce and must be obtained from food, such as Histidine and Leucine.

Marasmus

Protein-energy malnutrition caused by severe deprivation of both protein and calories, characterized by an 'Old Man’s Face' appearance and no edema.

Kwashiorkor

Malnutrition caused by semi-starvation resulting in a protein deficiency only, characterized by a 'Moon’s Face', edema, and an enlarged fatty liver.

Xerophthalmia

A severe Vitamin A deficiency condition resulting in dry eyes and potential blindness.

Rickets

A Vitamin D deficiency in children resulting in faulty bone formation.

Osteomalacia

A Vitamin D deficiency in adults characterized by the softening of the bones.

Vitamin K

A fat-soluble vitamin essential for normal blood clotting.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

The daily intake level meeting the average requirement for 50% of healthy individuals in a specific group.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The speed or rate of basal metabolism at a given time; for males, the estimate is $1\,kcal \times weight\,in\,kg \times 24\,hours$.

Satiety

The feeling of fullness triggered by the stretching of the stomach.

Halal diet

The dietary practice in Islam which prohibits the consumption of pork and alcohol.

Celiac Disease

A condition characterized by an intolerance to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley.

Nutritional Survey

An epidemiological investigation used to determine the nutritional status of a population.

Stunting

A form of chronic malnutrition characterized by a low height-for-age ratio.

Wasting

A form of acute/recent malnutrition characterized by a low weight-for-height ratio.

Body Mass Index (BMI) Formula

$$\text{BMI} = \text{weight in kilograms} \div (\text{height in meters} \times \text{height in meters})$$

Go Foods

A food group consisting of carbohydrates that provide energy, such as rice and grains.

Grow Foods

A food group consisting of proteins used to build and repair body tissues, such as meat and eggs.

Glow Foods

A food group consisting of vitamins and minerals that protect the body and fight sickness, such as fruits and vegetables.

Clear Liquid Diet

A hospital diet consisting of liquids without residue or fiber used to maintain water balance, such as tea, fat-free broth, or gelatin.

Mechanical Soft Diet

A diet where foods are well-cooked, easy to chew, and chopped, ground, or minced; also called a dental soft diet.

BRAT diet

A specific dietary modification consisting of Banana, Rice, Apple, and Toast used to manage diarrhea.

DASH diet

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; a diet high in fruits and vegetables used to manage high blood pressure.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder involving extreme weight loss through starvation and a distorted body image where the individual feels 'never thin enough'.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

A theory explaining health behaviors based on individual perceptions, modifying factors, and the likelihood of taking action.

Self-Efficacy Theory

A theory by Bandura (1997) centering on a person's belief in their ability to perform a specific task.

Stages of Change Model

A behavior change framework involving six stages: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, and Termination.