Laws, End Feel & research

what is wolff’s law?

bone is shaped by the forces placed on it or lack of force as in immobilization, stress remodels bone

what is hilton’s law?

the trunk of a nerve sends branches to a particular muscle, the joint moved by the muscle and the skin overlying the insertion of the muscle. altered nerve activity to a muscle may be associted with alterted nerve activity to segmentally related spinal joints

what is heuter-volkman’s law?

increased epiphyseal pressure leads to decreased growth and vice versa

what is bell-magendia’s law?

anterior horn of the cord is motor and posterior horn is sensory

what is capsular end feel?

firm but giving, resistance builds the lengthening

what is an normal example of capsular end feel?

closed packed position of a joint such as external rotation of the shoulder

what is an abnormal example of capsular end feel?

frozen shoulder

what is ligamentous end feel?

palpates as abrupt hard block with no end play and normal ROM

what is a normal example of ligamnetous end feel?

knee extension

what is an example of abnormal ligamentous end feel?

chronic whiplash

what is soft tissue approximation end feel?

giving, squeezing quality that results from approximation of soft tissues and is typically painless

what is an example of soft tissue approximation end feel?

elbow flexion

what is an abnormal example of soft tissue approximation end feel?

muscle hypertrophy, soft tissue swelling

what is bone end feel?

hard non giving abrupt stop as two surfaces meet

what is an example of normal bony end feel?

elbow extension

what is an abnormal example of bony end feel?

bony exotosis

what is muscluar end feel?

firm but giving, builds with elongation and palpates as deep taut and tender fibers. exhibits restricted mobility and rubbery end block

what is muscle spasm end feel?

guarded, resisted by muscle contraction. end feel cannot be assessed because of pain or guarding

what is empty end feel?

normal end feel resistance is missing, it is not felt at a normal point or joint has unusual give. pain is felt before full rom is achieved

what is interarticular end feel?

bouncy springy quality

what is case series?

written report on the details of a series of related cases

what is a case study?

written report on details of a single case

what is clinical research?

research that addresses issues directly related to patient care

what is a clincial trial?

a prospective, longitudinal experiemnt designed to assess the comparative efficacy or effectivness of a treatment

what is a cohort?

a defined group of people observed over a period of time

what is a control group?

a comparison group assignment in a clinical trial that recieves no treatment, a placebo treatment or alternative

what is a cross sectional study?

measurements taken at one moment in time

what is a double blind study?

an experiment in which patients and either doctors or outcome assessors are blinded

what is frequency?

a general or statistical expression of how often a condition or disease occurs

what is gold standard?

a measure agreed upon accuracy and validity

what is incidence?

the proportion of a clearly defined group, initially free of a condition that develops it over a period of time

what is interobserver reliability?

the consistency of measured results between different practitioners evaluating the same thing

what is intraobserver reliability?

the consistency in which one practioner can consistently arrive at the same result

what is observational study?

a study in which the researcher observes

what is prevalence?

the proportion of a population having a particular condition or outcome at given moment

what is a prospective study?

study that follows over time a group of similar individuals who differ with respect to certain factors under study to determine how these factors affect rates of certain outcome

what is randomized control?

prospective longitudinal study in which patients are divided into two or more groups on a randomized basis

what is reliability?

the consistency of a measurement when repeated

what is a retrospective study?

aka historic cohort study, generally means to take a look back at events that already have taken place

what is sensitivity?

the proportion of times a diagnostic study is correct in patients without a specific diagnosis

what is a single blind study?

a study in which the patients are blinded as to whether they are in the experimental group or comparison group

what is specificity?

the proportion of times diagnostic procedure is correct in a patient without a specific diagnosis

what is validity?

the degree to which an observation or measurement provides an indication of the true state of the phenomena being measured