Psychiatry Long Exam 1 Reviewer Flashcards

Flashcards covering the history of psychiatry, stress management, biopsychosocial models, personality theories, and defense mechanisms based on lecture transcripts.

What is the medical specialty devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders?

Psychiatry

Which discipline focuses on the study of society and social institutions?

Sociology

How is Psychology defined in the context of psychiatry-related disciplines?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Which field focuses specifically on the structure, function, and disorders of the nervous system?

Neurology/Neuroscience

In what year did Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum publish the first medical case report of catatonia?

$$1874$$

Which term did Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum use to describe mania and depression as stages of the same illness?

Cyclothymia

During the $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries, what was the believed primary cause of psychiatric disorders?

Congenital or degenerative diseases

Who proposed the psychosocial model suggesting psychiatric disorders result from a failure to adapt to the environment?

Walter Menninger

What structural brain abnormality did Johnstone and colleagues discover in patients with schizophrenia?

Enlarged cerebral ventricles

Who is recognized as the first Filipino psychiatrist?

Elias Domingo

Under which hospital was the Insane Department established in November $1904$?

San Lazaro Hospital

In what year was the formal Neurology and Psychiatry training program established at UST?

$$1968$$

What is the WHO definition of stress ($2022$)?

A state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation

What does the Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary (SAM) Axis produce?

The rapid fight-or-flight response

In the SAM Axis, which two substances are released by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

List four physical effects of the SAM Axis activation.

$\uparrow$ Heart rate, $\uparrow$ Blood pressure, $\uparrow$ Blood glucose, and $\uparrow$ Alertness

Which physiological axis is primarily responsible for the sustained response to prolonged stress?

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to initiate the HPA Axis?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

What hormone does the pituitary gland release in the HPA Axis pathway?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The adrenal cortex releases which hormone in response to ACTH?

Cortisol

What is the definition of Eustress?

Positive stress that enhances performance and promotes personal growth

How is Distress differentiated from Eustress?

Variable stress that is harmful, overwhelming, and impairs coping

What is the term for recurrent acute stress that may increase the risk of anxiety and hypertension?

Episodic acute stress

What are the characteristics of Chronic stress?

Long-term, harmful, and associated with burnout and physical/mental health problems

In the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (SRRS), what do Life Change Units (LCUs) quantify?

Stress assigned to major life events

According to the SRRS, what risk level is associated with $150-199\,LCUs$?

Mild risk

An SRRS score of $200-299\,LCUs$ indicates what level of risk for stress-related illness?

Moderate risk

What SRRS score indicates a high risk of stress-related illness?

$$\geq 300\,LCUs$$

What does the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) specifically measure?

Subjective perception of stress over the past month

How is the Perceived Stress Scale typically structured?

$10$- or $14$-item questionnaire using a Likert scale from $0-4$

Headache and muscle tension are examples of which category of stress effects?

Physical

Irritability and mood swings are examples of which category of stress effects?

Psychological

Increased alcohol intake is an example of which category of stress effects?

Behavioral

How is Resilience defined?

The process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or major sources of stress

What is Post-traumatic growth?

Positive psychological change after trauma

Which concept describes perseverance toward long-term goals?

Grit

Deep breathing stimulates which nerve to activate the parasympathetic nervous system?

Vagus nerve

What is the onset timeframe for symptoms of Adjustment Disorder?

Within $3$ months of the stressor

Symptoms of Adjustment Disorder usually resolve within how many months after the stressor ends?

$6$ months

Which disorder is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry across multiple areas?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Which technique in CBT identifies and challenges unhelpful thoughts to replace them with healthier strategies?

Cognitive reframing

What is the traditional duration of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program?

$8$ weeks

What has MBSR been demonstrated to reduce in terms of physiological markers?

Cortisol levels

Which dimensions are included in the Biological segment of the biopsychosocial model?

Medical condition, genetic vulnerability, and physical development

Which dimension of the biopsychosocial model includes self-esteem and coping strategies?

Psychological dimension

What are examples of the Social dimension in the biopsychosocial model?

Family constellation, peer relationships, and socioeconomic status

In the context of the sick role, previous illness experience has what relationship with current illness perception?

Previous illness experiences influence current illness perception

Who introduced the Biopsychosocial Model in the $1970s$?

George Engel

Who coined the term Individual Human Person (IHP)?

Jaime Zaguirre

What are the three integrated dimensions of the Individual Human Person?

Physical (Soma), Mental (Psyche), and Spiritual (Spirit/Logos)

According to the IHP model, which dimension is unique to humans?

Spiritual (Spirit/Logo)

Which doctor-patient interaction model involves the physician making decisions while the patient complies?

Paternalistic (or Autocratic) Model

How does the Informative Model of doctor-patient interaction function?

The physician provides information and the patient independently chooses treatment

What is the goal of the Relationship-centered Model of doctor-patient interaction?

Collaborative dialogue and shared decision-making

Clinical mindfulness involves listening to the patient's story without what?

Judgment

What is the difference between Empathy and Compassion?

Empathy involves understanding the perspective; Compassion includes a desire to relieve suffering

What are the six goals of Patient-Centered Care?

Create safety/respect, understand perspective, confirm understanding, synthesize info, share clinical thoughts, and negotiate a plan

When is the Paternalistic model considered appropriate?

In emergencies, life-threatening situations, or when patients are unable to make decisions

Which structure in Freud's model operates on the pleasure principle?

Id

Which structure in Freud's model operates on the reality principle?

Ego

What is the moral conscience and idealized self-image in Freud's structural model?

Superego

According to Freud's Topographical Model, what is the 'tip of the iceberg'?

Conscious

What does the Preconscious mind contain?

Memories that can readily be brought into consciousness

What are the contents of the Unconscious mind?

Repressed memories, wishes, and instincts/desires too threatening for the conscious

In Erikson's Psychosocial Stages, what is the conflict and virtue for Infancy ($0-1\,yr$)?

Trust vs. Mistrust; Virtue: Hope

What is the conflict and virtue for Early Childhood ($1-3\,yrs$)?

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt; Virtue: Will

Which Erikson stage occurs during school age ($7-11\,yrs$)?

Industry vs. Inferiority; Virtue: Competence

The conflict of Identity vs. Role Confusion occurs in which age group?

Adolescence ($12-18\,yrs$)

Failure to resolve the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage may result in what behaviors?

Persistent jealousy and inability to establish secure romantic relationships

According to Erikson, what is the task of Old Age ($\geq 64\,yrs$)?

Integrity vs. Despair; Virtue: Wisdom

Which experiment by Albert Bandura demonstrated that children imitate aggressive behavior?

Bobo Doll Experiment

What is Self-efficacy?

The extent to which a person believes they can successfully produce a desired outcome

How did Carl Jung differentiate the Collective Unconscious from Freud's Unconscious?

It is universal, inherited, and contains archetypes shared by all humans

Which Jungian archetype refers to the social mask people wear?

Persona

What is the Jungian 'Shadow'?

The dark side of the psyche containing repressed memories, instincts, and weaknesses

What are the 'Big Five' personality traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

Which Big Five trait is associated with being organized, dependable, and responsible?

Conscientiousness

A person who is emotionally stable, calm, and secure has low levels of which trait?

Neuroticism

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which needs must be satisfied first?

Physiological needs (food, water, sleep, shelter)

B.F. Skinner's Radical Behaviorism proposes that behavior is shaped by what?

Its consequences (Operant Conditioning)

Adding a pleasant stimulus after a desired behavior to increase that behavior is called what?

Positive Reinforcement

How does Negative Reinforcement increase a behavior?

By removing an unpleasant stimulus

Drinking alcohol to relieve withdrawal symptoms is an example of which reinforcement concept?

Negative Reinforcement

What occurs in Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)?

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a biologically significant stimulus to produce a response

In a PTSD patient, a loud banging noise that triggers panic is called what?

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

In the study of Freud's psychosexual fixations, anal fixation may produce which adult traits?

Rigid, perfectionistic, orderly, and controlling

Which adult habits are traditionally associated with an oral fixation?

Smoking, drinking, nail biting, or gum chewing

What is the primary function of Defense Mechanisms?

To reduce anxiety and protect the individual from distressing experiences

Which defense mechanism is a conscious decision to postpone attention to a distressing thought?

Suppression

How is Repression defined?

Unconsciously excluding painful thoughts or memories from awareness

Which defense mechanism refers to the refusal to acknowledge an aspect of external reality?

Denial

What does the defense mechanism 'Projection' involve?

Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person

Which neurotic defense redirects an emotion from its original target to a safer target?

Displacement

What is Reaction Formation?

Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite behavior

Which defense mechanism involves focusing on facts and logic to avoid experiencing emotions?

Intellectualization

Converting emotional distress into physical symptoms is known as what?

Somatization

What is Sublimation?

Transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or productive activities

Which mature defense mechanism involves finding comic or ironic elements in difficult situations?

Humor

What is Altruism in the context of defense mechanisms?

Meeting the needs of others above one's own to find fulfillment after distress

Which defense mechanism involves returning to an earlier developmental stage to reduce anxiety?

Regression