child growth and development

Growth

specific body changes and increases in the child's size

Girls enter puberty between

8 and 13

Boys enter puberty between

10 and 15

Growth proceeds

from head to toe and from the center of the body outwards

Children gain control of __________ first, then arms and legs

head and neck

Are the brain, heart and spinal cord fully functioning at birth?

yes

As children grow they gain control of their arm and leg muscles, then finger and toe

Growth proceeds outward

Principles of Child Growth and Development

1. Sequence is similar for all

2. Proceeds from general to specific

3. Development is continuous

4. Proceeds at different rates

5. All areas of development are interrelated

Developmental sequences is similar for all

you crawl before you walk, even though the time it takes to crawl may vary

Development proceeds from general to specific

large muscles develop first, then smaller muscles

Development is continuous

children continue to add new behaviors and skills as they perfect abilities. ie: gurgles to coos to chattering to words to phrases to sentences

Development proceeds at different rates

Each child is different. ie: some children will walk at 10 months and some at 18

All areas of development are interrelated

the domains of development effect one another as children learn new skills and abilities

How many brain cells are there at birth?

100 billion

Synapse

connection between 2 nerve cells

developmental disability

a chronic condition that is diagnosed in childhood and substantially limits major life activities in adulthood

autism spectrum disorder

a group of brain based neurological disorder characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior

Down Syndrome

a genetic disorder that results in a number of physical characteristics and intellectual impairments

Prevention

to stop challenging behaviors before they begin

Redirection

guiding a child to a new activity or area--used to guide children's behavior by recognizing challenging behavior at its earliest stages and taking steps to stop it from escalating

Positive Reinforcement

desired behaviors are rewarded so that the child is encouraged to repeat them

Theory

a set of facts or principles analyzed in relation to one another and used to explain phenomena (a fact or behavior that can be observed)

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs--most basic needs must be fulfilled before other areas can be fulfilled

Erik Erikson

8 Conflicts in Emotional Development (ERIKSON has 8 letters, E stands for emotional = the emotional 8)

Jean Piaget

4 Stages of Cognitive Development: caregiver sets up the environment, and children learn through play

Sensorimotor

sensory perception 0-2 years Children learn through sensory perception and motor activity.

PreOperational

thinking is based on how things are perceived rather than logic 2-7 years Children begin to use symbols (e.g., using sand to make a cake).

Concrete Operational

7-11 years Children become more rational in their thinking (e.g., realize Santa isn't real).

Formal Operations

thinking becomes abstract 11+ Children think beyond the present and about ideal situations.

Lev Vygotsky

Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development: scaffolding, zone of proximal development

Heredity

passing down of genetic characteristics from parents to their children; influences a child through the inheritance of physical characteristics and temperament from birth parents at the time of conception

Temperament

prevailing or dominant social-emotional quality that characterizes a person

Personality

the totality of a person's attitudes, interests, behavioral patterns, emotional responses, social roles and individual traits that endure over long periods of time

Children's development progresses in

fits and starts

A child grows and learns as a

whole, not in bits and pieces

Physical Health

typical growth patterns, changes in weight and height, general health and safety, visual perception, hearing and understanding the roles of health care professionals

Motor Development

ability to move about and control various body parts and includes grasping, rolling over, sitting up, hopping, writing their names and using tools for tasks

Social and Emotional

how children feel about themselves and their relationships. Refers to individual behaviors and responses

Approaches to learning

refers to a child's eagerness to learn and includes curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving and the ability to create and complete long-term projects

The brain is composed of ___% of water

90%

Scaffolding

Initially a person interacting with the child assumes more responsibility for guiding the learning. As the child learns, the responsibility is gradually transferred to them.

Reciprocal Teaching

dialogue between child care professional and child in which participants take turns taking on the role of teacher

Zone of proximal development

how far the difference is between doing something with help from an adult or peer to doing it by themselves

Development

an increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complex

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physical (bottom) Comfort and safety Social Self-esteem Self-actualization (top of pyramid)

Erik Erikson's stages--birth to school-age:

infant (birth to 1): trust v mistrust--I am all right. toddler (1-3): autonomy v shame and doubt--I can make choices preschool (4-5): initiative v guilt--I can do and I can make grade school (6-12): industry v inferiority--I can join with others in doing and making things

Maria Montessori's theory on child-centered environments

Children should be able to work independently in a clean, beautiful, and organized environment filled with child-sized materials, and caregivers who help children understand order and responsibility.

Attachment Theory

Infants and young children need attentive, responsive adults in order to develop into well-adjusted individuals through the following stages of their lives.

Quality infant care

Caregivers have the opportunity to form very significant bonds with children. This caregiver-child bond creates the foundation for the child's self-esteem and prevents potential mental health issues later in life.

Window of Opportunity

periods of time when children are especially receptive to their surroundings and interactions with other people--children learn skills best in a developmental window for the skill

Health and Wellness

Maintaining a healthy body through proper nutrition and exercise is essential for children's most favorable growth and development.

Developmental Obstacles

Typical skills and behaviors for children of a certain age range may not be possible for some children who are developmentally delayed.

Routines

Predictability in the daily schedule helps children to stay focused during quieter activities because they know when they will be given the opportunity to play.

Including childen with disabilities

ensure that children's basic physical needs are met and make sure they are safe at all times; ensure the learning environment is nurturing and accepting.