Transition Metals and Their Applications

Vocabulary flashcards covering transition elements, their properties, alloys, compounds, oxidation states, and practical uses based on the transcript.

Scandium-Aluminum Alloy

A very hard alloy created by adding a small amount of scandium to aluminum, utilized in the manufacture of MIG fighter jets.

Mercury Vapor Lamps (with Scandium)

Lamps to which scandium is added to generate high-quality light resembling sunlight, used for night TV photography.

Titanium

An element possessing the strength and rigidity of steel but with lower density; because it is chemically inert, it is used in dental implants and artificial joints.

Titanium-Aluminum Alloy

An alloy used in aircrafts and spacecrafts because it maintains its durability at high temperatures, whereas aluminum's durability decreases.

Titanium Dioxide ($\text{TiO}_2$)

A compound in which titanium has an oxidation number of $+4$, used in sun protection cosmetics where its nanoparticles block ultraviolet rays from reaching the skin.

Ferrovanadium Alloy (Steel V)

An alloy produced by adding small amounts of vanadium to steel, featuring high hardness and corrosion resistance, used in making car springs.

Vanadium Pentoxide ($\text{V}_2\text{O}_5$)

A vanadium compound with an oxidation number of $+5$, used for coloring glass/ceramics and as a catalyst in high-conductivity magnets, benzoic acid preparation, and sulfuric acid production via the contact method.

Passivity Phenomenon

The formation of a non-porous oxide surface layer on chromium (where oxide molecules are larger than chromium atoms), stopping further reaction with atmospheric oxygen or acid.

Chromium Oxide ($\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_3$)

A compound containing chromium with an oxidation number of $+3$, utilized in the manufacture of dyes.

Potassium Dichromate ($\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7$)

A chromium compound with an oxidation number of $+6$, commonly used as an oxidizing agent.

Pure Manganese

The elemental form of manganese, which cannot be used in its pure state due to its extreme brittleness.

Ferromanganese Alloy

An alloy that is harder than steel, used in the manufacture of railway tracks.

Manganese-Aluminum Alloy

A corrosion-resistant alloy used in the production of soft drink cans.

Manganese Dioxide ($\text{MnO}_2$)

A compound where manganese has an oxidation state of $+4$, serving as a strong oxidizing agent in dry cells.

Potassium Permanganate ($\text{KMnO}_4$)

A compound with a manganese oxidation number of $+7$, acting as an antiseptic and strong oxidizing agent.

Manganese Sulfate ($\text{MnSO}_4$)

A compound containing manganese with an oxidation state of $+2$, used as a fungicide.

Haber Process

A chemical method for preparing ammonia ($\text{NH}_3$) that employs iron as a catalyst.

Fischer-Tropsch Method

A process using an iron catalyst to convert water gas (a mix of $\text{H}_2$ and $\text{CO}$) into liquid fuel (alkanes with general formula $\text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n+2}$).

Cobalt-60

The most notable radioactive isotope of cobalt (out of 12 isotopes), which emits high-penetration gamma rays used in tumor diagnosis/treatment and detecting structural cracks/welds.

Divided Nickel

Finely divided nickel metal used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of oils.

Nickel-Steel Alloys

Alloys characterized by extreme hardness and resistance to corrosion and acids, used in handling acids.

Nickel-Chromium Alloys

Alloys that withstand high temperatures and resist corrosion, used in electric furnaces and heating coils.

Bronze Alloy

An alloy formed by combining copper and tin.

Copper Sulfate ($\text{CuSO}_4$)

A compound in which copper has an oxidation state of $+2$, used as an insecticide, fungicide, and in water purification.

Fehling Solution

A solution containing copper with an oxidation state of $+2$, used to test for glucose by changing color from blue to orange.

Galvanization

The process of coating other metals with zinc to protect them against corrosion.

Zinc Oxide ($\text{ZnO}$)

A compound with a zinc oxidation state of $+2$, utilized in manufacturing paints, rubber, and cosmetics.

Zinc Sulfate ($\text{ZnS}$)

A zinc compound with an oxidation number of $+2$, used in producing illuminating paints and X-ray screens.