Abnormal Test 3 (ch. 10 386-90; Ch. 11; Ch. 13; Ch. 12)

What is schizophrenia characterized by?

breaks in reality, such as hallucinations and or delusions

T/F: The onset of Schizophrenia never comes quickly.

False. In some cases, the onset occurs suddenly, within a few weeks or months

Describe the prodromal phase of schizophrenia

subtle symptoms involving unusual thoughts or abnormal perceptions (but not outright delusions or hallucinations), as well as waning interest in social activities; difficulty meeting responsibilities of daily living; and impaired cognitive functioning involving problems with memory and attention, use of language, and ability to plan and organize one's activities

Name signs of the prodromal stage involving a person not caring about their appearance

failure to bathe regularly, wearing the same clothes repeatedly

During the prodromal phase, when does the acute phase start?

When behavior becomes more bizarre, such as hoarding food, collecting garbage, or talking to oneself on the street

Which phase follows the acute phase?

residual phase

describe the residual phase

behavior returns to the level of the prodromal phase; Flagrant psychotic behaviors are absent, but the person is still impaired by significant cognitive, social, and emotional deficits

describe acute episode of schizophrenia

involve a break with reality marked by the appearance of symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, illogical thinking, incoherent speech, and bizarre behavior

Do men or women have a higher chance of developing schizophrenia?

men. they also tend to develop it at an earlier age

peak period of when psychotic symptoms first appear

early-mid twenties in men

late twenties in women

how much percent of patients have long periods of remission?

forty percent

schizophrenia affects about _____ to _____ percent of Americans, which translates to about two to six cases in 1,000 people

0.25 to 0.64

Women tend to have a _____ level of functioning before the onset of the disorder and to have a _____ severe course of illness than men

higher; less

Men with schizophrenia tend to have...

more cognitive impairment, greater behavioral deficits, and a poorer response to drug therapy than do women with the disorder.

t/f Although schizophrenia likely occurs universally across cultures, the particular symptoms that emerge and the course that the disorder takes may vary from culture to culture

true

visual hallucinations appear to be most common in some

non- western cultures

DSM criteria for schizophrenia require that

psychotic behaviors be present at some point during the course of the disorder and that signs of the disorder be present for at least six months and must have been active and prominent for at least one month

look at page 427 for the dsm-5 critera table

do it

positive symptoms

atypical excesses of behavior involving a break with reality, including hallucinations and delusional thinking

Negative symptoms

behavioral deficits or absences of typical behaviors and emotions that affect a person's ability to function in daily life

examples of negative symptoms

lack of emotional responses or expression, loss of motivation or apathy, loss of pleasure in normally pleasant activities, lack of social relationships or withdrawal or isolation, and limited verbal expression or word production in everyday speech

Gender identity

psychological sense of being male or female

T/F for most people gender identity is consistent with their physical or genetic sex

True

Gender dysphoria was formerly classified in the DSM as what?

Gender identity disorder

gender dysphoria

the condition of feeling one's emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one's biological sex.

gender

psychosocial concept distinguishing maleness from femaleness

gender roles

societal expectations of behaviors appropriate for men and women

gender identity

our psychological sense of ourselves as females or males

sex

the biological division between males and females of a species

people with transgender identity have a psychological sense of....

belonging to one gender while possessing the sexual organs of the other

Do all people with transgender identity have gender dysphoria?

no

When does gender dysphoria come into play as a diagnosable disorder?

When there are cases of significant discomfort associated with having a transgender identity and are accompanied by significant emotional distress or impaired functioning

Why is the diagnosis of gender dysphoria held as controversial by transgender people?

because there is a perceived mismatch between gender identity and anatomical sex that should not be treated as a mental health problem

The diagnosis of gender dysphoria may apply to children and adults, but often begins when?

in childhood

children with gender dysphoria find their anatomical sex to be a source of....

persistent and intense distress

do we have reliable knowledge about how common gender dysphoria may be?

no but it is reasonable to assume it is relatively uncommon

how much more often does gender dysphoria occur in boys and girls?

at least twice as often but by adolescence the gender ratio is about the same

Many transgender people may also suffer from what disorder as a result of the stigmatization and mistreatment and discrimination?

Depression

T/F Gay males and lesbians have a gender identity of the other gender

False - Gender identity shouldn't be confused with sexual orientation

gender confirmation surgery attempts to construct what?

external genital organs that closely resemble those of the other sex

Is male-to-female surgery more successful than female-to-male?

Yes

Hormone treatments promote the development of secondary sex characteristics such as?

growth of fatty tissue in the breasts in male to female

growth of beard and body hair in female to male

Do investigators generally find positive or negative effects on psychological adjustment and quality of life of transgender individuals who undergo gender confirmation surgery?

Generally positive

Is post-operative adjustment more favorable for female-to-male reassignment or the opposite?

Female-to-male

what is one reason that postoperative adjustment is more favorable for female-to-male reassignment?

society tends to be more accepting of women who desire to become men than the reverse

Men seeking gender confirmation surgery outnumber women by about what ratio?

3 to 1

Psychodynamic theorists point to what close relationships

mother-son relationships, empty relationships with parents, and fathers who were absent or detached and the reverse

Learning theorists similarly point to what absences leading to skewed socialization patterns?

parental absence that would lead to a child associating or learning to play with the wrong gender

the development of transgender identity may largely be the result of variations in what?

male sexual hormones acting upon the developing brain during prenatal development

Are there demonstrated differences in the brains of transgender people?

Yes but there is little knowledge about the meaning of the findings

T/F A combination of genetic and hormonal influences may create a disposition that interacts with early life experiences in leading to the development of transgender identity

True

Research on the postoperative adjustment of those who obtain gender confirmation surgery finds that __________

female-to-male transitioners tend to have more favorable postoperative adjustment than male-to-female transitioners

The text suggests that the distress that transgendered persons experience is not a direct consequence of inner conflicts over their sexual orientation, but rather is __________.

an understandable response to the negative treatment they receive from others

Currently, researchers suspect that transgender identity develops as a result of the interaction between the developing brain and the release of __________ during prenatal development.

male sex hormones

T/F With regard to the gender dysphoria, critics of the present diagnostic system contend that much of the distress that transgender children experience comes from difficulties getting along with other kids and being accepted by them, not from their gender identity per se.

True

Which of the following are societal expectations of behavior appropriate for men and women?

gender roles

"James should have a father figure in his life; otherwise, this lack of a role model may result in gender dysphoria." This statement would best fit a __________ theorist.

learning

The term gender identity disorder was replaced in DSM-5 with which of the following new diagnostic terms?

gender dysphoria

Gender identity is virtually identical to sexual orientation.

False

Among 100 people seeking gender confirmation surgery, there typically will be __________ men and __________ women.

75; 25

Claude, who was formerly Claudia, probably began developing discomfort or a disconnect with his biological sex _________.

in very early childhood

Psychological disorders of childhood and adolescence affect children at ages when they....

have little capacity to cope

What is one abnormal behavior disorder in childhood that is not found in adults?

separation anxiety

Determining whether a child's behavior is abnormal depends on what?

our expectations of what is normal for a child of a given age in a given culture

At what point are many behavioral problems first identified in children?

When they enter school

Researchers estimate that nearly how many American children have been misdiagnosed and medicated for ADHD in kindergarten?

One million

What is one driving reason behind misdiagnosis of ADHD in kindergartners?

The attribution of poor and inattentive behavior to a child who is younger and less mature than their classmates

T/F Many behavior patterns considered normal for children would be considered abnormal in adults

True - ex. intense fear of strangers and lack of bladder control

What is the DSM-5 categorization of disorders affecting children and adolescents?

neurodevelopmental disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders involve an impairment of brain functioning or development affecting a child's_____________

psychological, cognitive, social or emotional development

In what way do cultural beliefs help determine whether people view behavior as normal or abnormal?

because children rarely label their own behavior, definitions of normality depend largely on how a child's behavior is filtered through a cultural lens

Traditional Thai-Buddhist parenting beliefs and values differ from American parents in what way?

They are less worrisome of outcomes over time and tolerate broad variations in children's behavior and assume change is inevitable

Like definitions of abnormality, methods of treatment differ for children according to their....

cultural background and social and linguistic needs

Psychodynamic therapists have developed techniques known as play therapy which reflect what?

family conflicts symbolically displayed through play activities with dolls, puppets or drawings

According to the CDC, how common are diagnosable psychological disorders in children in America, including learning disorders?

1 in 5

About half of the cases of psychological disorders among adults start by what age?

14

T/F In light of the prevalence of childhood psychological disorders, most children will get the necessary treatment

False

What percentage of adolescents receive any form of mental health treatment generally speaking?

1/3

What percentage of children and adolescents with serious psychological problems or disturbed behaviors receive any form of mental health treatment?

Less than half

Children with _______ problems, especially anxiety and depression, are at higher risk of going untreated than those with _____ problems that are disruptive or annoying to others

Internal; external

What are the common risk factors which contribute to increased risk of developmental disorders?

genetic susceptibility, prenatal influences, environmental stressors and family factors

T/F Children of depressed parents stand a higher risk of developing psychological disorders

True

Are boys are greater or risk for developing many childhood disorders?

Greater

T/F Though anxiety and depression affect boys proportionally more than girls, in adolescence this shifts, making it more common in girls from adolescence throughout adulthood

True

Even if physical abuse or punishment doesn't cause serious physical injury, it can lead to what?

fear and emotional distress and impair the child's functioning at school

T/F When it comes to child maltreatment, it's not just "sticks and stones" that do damage

True - verbal abuse can lead to extensive emotional harm

A major review showed that what form of abuse was more strongly connected to the development of depression over other forms of maltreatment?

Emotional

Physically abused or neglected children often have difficulty....

forming healthy peer relationships and healthy attachments to others

Behavioral and emotional consequences of child abuse often extend into adulthood, increasing the likelihood of what mental health problems?

depression and others

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A chronic, lifelong condition.

What are some characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Impaired functioning and marked deficits relating to others.

What cognitive and language impairments are associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Impaired language and cognition.

What type of activities and interests are restricted in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Restricted range of activities and interests.

When was the word autism first used?

1906 by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugene Bleuler to refer to a peculiar style of thinking among people with schizophrenia --> believing oneself to be the center of the universe

The DSM-5 places autism (formerly autistic disorder) in a broader diagnostic category which includes?

A range of autistic disorders varying in severity

Behaviors representing persistent deficits in what areas are identifiers of ASD?

deficits in communication and social interactions and restricted or fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

What are the severity ratings of ASD and why do clinicians need to rate the levels?

severe, moderate, or mild ratings because the more severe the disorder the greater level of support that is needed

What is Asperger's disorder?

A pattern of behavior characterized by social awkwardness and stereotyped/repetitive behaviors.

Does Asperger's disorder involve significant language or cognitive deficits?

No, it does not involve significant language or cognitive deficits associated with more severe forms of ASD.

T/F Asperger's disorder is a distinct diagnosis in the DSM-5

False - it is now categorized within ASD