JMU BIO 103 McCullen Final Exam

Protist

Eukaryotic, unicelluler multicellular nonmotile montile equatic terrestrail autotrophic and heterotrphic

univellular protists

paramecium, amoeba, euglena, diatoms adn dinoglageliate

slime mold

neither unicellar or multicellular

dinoflagellate

turn water red, produce neurotoxine and kill fish

diatoms

has silica to form cell wall is used in toothpaste

red algae

in sushi

brown algae

has a chemical to help make liquid stuff thicker

a protist is an eukaryote that

is NOT a plant fungus or animal and have no unique synapomorphies

protist form what

paraphyletic groups as they contian a common ancestor but not all descendants

Importance of protist

carbon fixation by marine photosynthetic protist accounts for over half of all carbon fixed

Carbon Fixation

talking carbon from carbon dioxide out of the water for photosynthesis

protist are where on the food pyramind

at the base and the exosystem would collapse without them

Plasmopara viticola

cause mildew of grapes in 1870 it was introduced into France and almost destroyed grape and wine, professor millardet from uni of bordeaux prepared a chemical substance which was the first follar fungicide used to control plant disease and notes that leaves with copper sulfate and lime were healthy

Phytophthora

caused diseases in avocados onions tomatoes strawberries apples and the most famous member is P infestans and resutled in the destruction of the tubers in ireland in 1846-1847 abour 800k people starved to death adn 1.2 million emigrated

oogamy

sexual reproduction where the female gamete (egg) is large and non-motile, while the male gamete (sperm) is small and motile

anisogamy

secually reprodutction of dissimiliar gametes

isogamy

sexual reproduction of similiar gametes

single cells protist use what

mitosis as a means for asecual reproduction ex. euglend and paramecium

single celled protists are throught to have been…

the first organism to have sexual reproduction

Haploid dominant

onlyt hing diploid is the zygote

diploid dominant

only haploid cells are gametes

protist are what dominant

haploid

animals are what dominant

diploid

land plants are what dominant

alternation of haploid and deiploid multicellular generation

plasmodium life cycle

(mosquito) haploid dominant, 2 host (human and bug), anisogamy, zygotic meiosis

Fucus life cycle

(brown alga or rockweed ) diploid dominant, oogamy, gametic meiosis (produces sperm)

laminaria life cycle

(brown alga) alternation of generations, haploid and diploid stages, oogamy and sporic meiosis

similarities between fungi and animals

DNA sequences, chitin, flagella of chytrids and glycogen (food storage )

what is a fungi

eukaryotic unicellular multicellular motile nonmotile terrestrial heterotrophic

basic examples of a fungi

morels, molds, jelly fungi(grow on logs), mushrooms, stickhorns (have odor for fly to stick sprots on back) puff balls (at mature it fills up with millions of spores), cup funig and shelf fungi

organoheterotrophs

energy source and carbon sources are both reduced carbon compounds, Fungi

Fungi mycelium does what

secrete digestive enxymes, then absorb nutrients after extracellular disgestion

when does nutrient distribution occur

small molecules are passed along the hyphae by diffusion , nutrients then start frowing tips which elongate questick and fastest know is 1 km a day

saprophytic

grows on dead things and fuctions as a decomposer examples are fungi: earthstarts and bird nest fungi

some fungi are parasites

oyster and noose

some fungi are crop pests

corn smut and rust

some fungi are single celled

yeast and chytrids

fairy ring

nycelia was long and undergjround one in northwest was 1290 areas can weight 100 tans and be old old

mycorrhizae

vasvular plants have a relationship between roots and fungi; fungi gain sugar and amino acides and roots get to absorb water and minerails

monokaryotic

one nucleus

dikaryotic

two nuclei

coenocytic

2+ Nuclei

homokaryotic

nuclei come from same indiidvudal

dikaryotic cells are

heterokarytoic

heterokarytoic

nuclei come from two genetically different indiividuals

fungi reproduction

asecual and secual reprodutction, produces sports and are the primary dispersale stage and are relased in big numbers

shotgun fungi life cycle

haploid dominant, monokaryotic at spores and homokaryotic

tershary mycelium

when mycelium moves above ground

characteristics of animals

eukaryotic, motile, quatic, terrestrial, multicellular, heterotrophic, eat food, no cell walls

colonial hypothesis

Ancestors of animals were colonial, flagellated protists that evolved specialization and dependence upon one another until they became multicellular

Choanoflagellates

evolved into the first sponge, beating flagella draw water throught the cells and food is fultered out; single celled, fiterler feeder, intracelllular digestion

evidence for hypothesis

flagellates form colonies today if flagella have to evolve it goes against the principle of parsimony

phylum profiera

multicellular, NO TISSUES, mainly marine, asymmetrical (no shape) EX sponge

what two types of cells do proifera have

choanocytes: lien the interior

amoebocyte: form skeletal structues and function in support

spicules

make sponge ruff and have a hard structure

phagocytosis

cell eater and takes in food particiles

animal life cycle

diploid dominant, gametic meiosis, oogamy and diploid cell of an animal split

for an animal what does a diploid cell split into

germ line: destined to make sperm and egg

Somatic line: all cells except the reproductive cells

dioecious

having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals

monoecious

having male and female reproductive organs in one indiviudal

self fertilization

advantage if no neighbor, some variaiton in offspring due to meiosis

cross feritilize

advantage if neighbor, more variation of offspring due to mixing of DNA

sponge life cycle

monoecious, sperm related into ocean, same individual makes eggs and retains them, sperm enters sponge to unite with eggs

external fertilization

occurs int he environment , reproductive structures are less sophisticated, timing is crucial so the mature gametes meet

internal fertilization

eggs are retained by the female, fewer zygotes, reproductive structures are sophisticated , timing is crucial for gametes to meet (insects and reptiles )

direct development

egg to juvenile with no larval stage, immature is just a small version of adult (spider and humans )

indirect development

egg to juventile with larval stage, larve is immature has radical transformation (butterfly)

All animals but sponges have

tissues, body symmetry, extracellular digestion

phylum cnidaria

radial symmetry, incomplete digestion, rudimentary muscles (jellyfish, sea anemones)

what two forms do a cnidaria have

polyp stage: stuck to the substrate, upward mouth

Medusa stage: free fleeting, downward mouth

diploblastic have two types of tissues

ectoderm: rise to the epidermis and nerve cells

endoderm: rise to the gastrodermis (digestive )

extracellular digestion

food is brokend own with digestive enzymes outside of cell then released into an enclosed space into 2 type

2 types of digestion

incomplete: only one opening for both mouth and anus

Complete: two opening one for mouth and one for anus

jellyfish life cycle

asexual reproduction by budding (polyp) sexual reproduction by dioecious (medusa), external fertilization, diploid dominant, gametic meiosis, oogamy, indirect development

characteristics of bilateria

bilateral symmetry, triploblastic , complete digestive tract, cephalization, body cavity

Bilateral symmetry

one plane divides animal into halves, triggered other change like elongation and narrow along axis, organism faces environment in one direction

triploblastic

3 embryonic tissues

1. true musscles

2. embryonic tissue: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

3. adult tissue: epidermis, nervous system, muscle, skeletal circlatory and digestive system

cephalization

info processing structures are at the head so organism can pick up stimuli with the leading end, unidirectional movement and locomotion structure are at the foot

body cavity (coelom)

fluid filled interval cavities with gut, Advantages:space for organs to move, better transport of molecules, hydro static skeleton

clevage

how cell division form ball

gastrulation

formed by cleavage where a pore becomes____

coelom formation

cavity lined with mesoderm develops

protosomes

spiral clevage, pore to mouth, schizocoely (solid mesoderm splits)

deuterostomes

radial clevage, pore to anus, enterocoely (pockets of mesoderm)

ecdysozoa

protosome sub group, cuticle, direct developement, molting

cuticle functions

exoskeleton for support and movement restriction of water loss

molting

nexessary since the cuticle is non living and can’t grow adutl leave skin case behidn

phylum arthropoda

have segmented bodies EX spider scorpion, crustacans, centipedes, millipedes, insects

duplication

each segment develops a complete set of organ’s damage isn’t fatal (earthworm )

locomotion

individual segment move independently giving organism flexible (snake)

phylum nematoda

microscopic, in soil, found in felt coaster EX heartworm and hookworm

lophotrochozoa group

sub group of protosomes, no synapomorphies, indirect development, monophological

phylum annelida

segmented, coelom=hydrostatic skeleton complete digestive system (segmented worms)

phylum mollusca

think epidermal shell, muscular foot

three types of mollusca

1. gastropoda: snails slugs, hudibranch

2. bivalria: hace 2 shells that open clams mussels, oysters

3. cephalopoda: squid, natuilys, octopuses

phylym platynelminthes

acoelmate, incomplete digestive system no respiratory or circulatory organs EX flatworm

phylum echinodermata

water vasular system, radial symmetry as adult and bilateral larval form EX sea star, brittle start, sea urchin, sea lily

blood star

Pushes stomach inside clam and releases chemical to brake down muscle then pulls out stomach with all food, evolved for collection and internal transport of food

phylum chordata

notochard, dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits, muscular post anal tail

notochord

supporivtive rod down back of embryo, replaced by vertebrae in adult