CH 45 - IMMUNE SYSTEM

IMMUNOLOGY

the study of internal defense systems in animals

"INTERNAL DEFENSE"

self generated protection from an agent that can cause harm to the organism

PATHOGENS

disease causing organisms

INFECTION

infiltration and growth of the pathogenic organism

IMMUNE SYSTEM

recognize pathogens and toxins & respond to eliminate them

IMMUNITY

the ability to recognize and destroy foreign or dangerous macromolecules

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

non-specific barriers to penetration by pathogens/toxins

EX of FIRST LINE DEFENSE

skin, mucous membranes, lysozyme, pH

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

also non-specific to pathogens/toxins

EX of SECOND LINE DEFENSE

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever

INNATE

1st & 2nd lines of defense are ______

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

response that is tailored to the specific pathogen

ACQUIRED

3rd line of defense is _____

SKIN

physical feature that prevents penetration of hazardous agents

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS (ex: acidic stomach)

pH & body temp can prevent growth of some pathological species

MUCOUS MEMBRANES (lysozyme)

mucous that lines body cavities contains chemicals that can attack pathogens

PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

toxic substances neutralized & pathogens digested by variety of cells (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils)

INFLAMMATION

swelling, redness, and fever from accumulation of phagocytic cells

LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)

defend the body against harmful bacteria and other micro-organisms

GRANULAR & AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

human blood contains ______

NEUTROPHILS

phagocytic cells that ingest bacteria & dead cells

EOSINOPHILS

lysosomes w/ enzymes that degrade cell membranes of PARASITIC WORMS

BASOPHILS

release histamine in injured tissue and allergic responses

MONOCYTES

phagocytes that migrate from blood into tissues during an infection

MACROPHAGES

monocyte that engulfs bacteria, dead cells, and debris

DENDRITIC CELLS

monocyte that is important in activating the immune system

LYMPHOCYTES

fight infections, produce antibodies, or directly attack invaders

CYTOKINES

leukocyte secretions that bind to membrane receptors on target cells

LYMPHOKINES

cytokines that are produced by lymphocytes

FEVER

common symptom of widespread inflammation helps body fight infection with elevated body temperature.
increases phagocytosis & temperature prevents growth/replication of micro-organisms

MAIN PROCESS in INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

vasodilation
increased capillary permeability
increased phagocytosis

VASOLIDATION

cells release histamine that dilates blood vessels in affected area and increased blood flow warms/reddens skin

INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMAEABILITY

edema occurs when fluid and antibodies leave circulation and enter tissues

INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS

phagocytes migrate out of the capillaries and into the infected tissue

ANTIGENS

identification molecules found on cell surfaces

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

T cells

HELPER T CELLS

secrete cytokines and boost the function of other cells in the immune system

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

attack cells infected w/viruses

REGULATORY T CELLS

help limit the immune system to prevent overreaction

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

B cells & antibodies

B CELLS

mature in bone marrow

PLASMA CELL

produce large amounts of antibodies

MEMORY CELL

retains memory for rapid response in the event of next infection

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

antibodies actively produced by another organism

SERUM/GAMMA GLOBULIN

obtained from humans or other animals that contains antibodies

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

hardening and blockage of the arteries

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

painful swollen joints

CROHN'S DISEASE

inflammatory bowel disease

TYPE 1 DIABETES

destruction of pancreas due to too much blood glucose

CANCER

leukemias and lymphomas are cancers of the immune system

COMPLEMENT

proteins present in plasma and other body fluids that are non-specific

IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE

absence of some component of the immune system allows for more susceptibility to illnesses