Leadership (Midterms)

Generally, ________ refers to the development of processes and tools that increase efficiency and productivity.

Time Management

skills include goal setting, planning, prioritizing, decision-making, delegating, scheduling

Personal Time Management

is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization.

Human Resource Management (HRM)

HRM can be performed by

Line managers

managing assets in the form of material possessions

Material Resources Management

The planning, directing, monitoring, organizing, and controlling of the monetary resources of an organization

Financial Management (Promotions & Marketing, Accounting)

is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are in the organization

Management by Objectives (MBO)

thinking that emphasizes the interdependence and interactive nature of elements within and external to an organization

System Approach Management

defined as the hourly, weekly and monthly pay that employees receive for their work in an organization

Wage and Salaries Management

refers to the techniques and strategies individuals use to cope with, reduce, or manage stress, aiming to improve their overall well-being. It involves understanding the causes of stress, recognizing its effects, and developing skills to mitigate its negative impacts on mental and physical health.

Stress Management

is the ability to regulate your behaviors, thoughts, and emotions in a productive way. This means excelling in both personal and professional responsibilities for the benefit of yourself and your team

Self Management

in the context of labor relations, refers to the practices and processes involved in managing the relationship between an employer and a union representing its employees. This includes collective bargaining, grievance handling, and ensuring compliance with labor laws and agreements. The goal is to establish a balanced and collaborative environment that respects the rights and interests of both employees and the employer

Management by Unions

a method of organizing a project and judging how well it is going, by calculating the length of time needed for each task and the order in which they can be done. 

The______ method is a technique that allows you to manage the scheduling of a project.

Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

in healthcare is a systematic approach to ensure that healthcare services consistently meet established standards of safety, effectiveness, and patient-centeredness.

HEls are strongly encouraged to undergo QA by an external accrediting bodies to ensrue continuous quality improvement

It involves setting criteria and standards for assessing quality, establishing protocols for evaluating compliance, and improving services after evaluation.

Quality assurance (QA)

Setting Standards

Compliance Monitoring

Continuous Improvement

Patient-Centeredness

Evidence-Based Practice

Key Aspects of QA in Healthcare (5)

Defining what constitutes high-quality care, including aspects like safety, efficacy, and patient experience

Setting Standards

Regularly assessing whether services adhere to established standards

Compliance Monitoring

Identifying areas for improvement and implementing changes to enhance service quality

Continuous Improvement

Ensuring that services are tailored to the individual needs and preferences of patients

Patient-Centeredness

Using the latest research and best practices to inform care delivery

Evidence-Based Practice

Improved Patient Outcomes

Enhanced Provider Satisfaction

Organizational Reputation

Increased Efficiency

Risk Management

Benefits of QA in Healthcare (5)

Better health results, reduced risks, and increased patient satisfaction

Improved Patient Outcomes

A more positive work environment when standards are consistently met

Enhanced Provider Satisfaction

Higher patient satisfaction and a positive reputation for healthcare institutions

Organizational Reputation

Streamlining processes and reducing waste

Increased Efficiency

Proactively identifying and mitigating potential problems

Risk Management

Standardized protocols

Data collection and analysis

Patient feedback

Continuing education

Audits and inspections

Examples of QA activities in healthcare

Developing and implementing guidelines for specific procedures or treatments

Standardized protocols

Tracking patient outcomes and identifying areas for improvement

Data collection and analysis

Soliciting and responding to patient concerns and suggestions

Patient feedback

Providing healthcare providers with training or best practices and quality improvement techniques

Continuing education

Regularly evaluating facilities and processes to ensure compliance with standards

Audits and inspections

Functional Nursing

Team Nursing

Primary Nursing

Case Method

Modular Nursing (District Nursing)

Modalities of Care

It is a task-oriented method wherein a particular nursing function is assigned to each staff member.

The medication nurse, treatment nurse and bedside nurse are all products of this system.

For efficiency, nursing was essentially divided into tasks, a model that proved very beneficial when staffing was poor.

The key idea was for nurses to be assigned to tasks, not to patients.

Functional Nursing

A very efficient way to delivery care

Could accomplish a lot of tasks in a small amount of time

Staff members do only what they are capable of doing

Least costly as fewer RNs are required

Functional Nursing (Advantages)

Care of patients become fragmented and depersonalized

Patients do not have one identifiable nurse

Very narrow scope of practice for RN

Leads to patient and nurse dissatisfaction

Functional Nursing (Disadvantages)

This is the most commonly used model.

It was developed in the 1950's in order to ameliorate the fragmentation that was inherent in the functional model.

The goal is for a team to work democratically.

An RN is assigned as a Team Leader for a group of patients. The Team Leader has a core of staff reporting to her, and together they work to disseminate the care activities. The team member possessing the skill needed by the individual patient is assigned to that patient, but the Team Leader still has accountability for all of the care. Team conferences occur in which the expertise of every staff member is used to plan the care.

Team Nursing

Each member's capabilities are maximized so job satisfaction should be high

Patients have 1 SN (Team Leader) with immediate access to other health providers

Team Nursing (Advantages)

Requires a team spirit and commitment to succeed

RN may be the Team Leader one day and a team member the next thus continuity of patient care may suffer

Team Nursing (Disadvantages)

The hallmark of this modality is that one nurse cares for one group of patients with a 24- hour accountability for planning their care.

A Primary Nurse (PN) cares for her primary patients every time she works and for as long as the patient remains on her unit. An Associate Nurse cares for the patient in the PN's absence and follows the PN's individualized plan of care.

This is a decentralized delivery model: more responsibility and authority is placed with each staff nurse.

Primary Nursing

Increased satisfaction for patients and nurses

More professional system: RN plans and communicates with all healthcare members

RNs are seen as more knowledgeable and responsible

RNs more satisfied because they continue to learn as as part of the in-depth care they are required to deliver to their patient

Primary Nursing (Advantages)

Only confines a nurse's talents to a limited number of patients so other patients cannot benefit if the RN is competitive

Can be intimidating for RNs who are less skilled and knowledgeable

Primary Nursing (Disadvantages)

also known as total patient care, one nurse is assigned to provide complete care for a patient or a small group of patients during a shift.

This approach contrasts with functional nursing, where tasks are divided among different nurses, & primary nursing, where one nurse coordinates care over 24 hrs.

One nurse manages all aspects of a patient's care, including assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation, for a specific period, usually a shift.

Case method

Holistic and Unfragmented Care: The nurse provides comprehensive care, addressing all the patient's needs, leading to a more complete and integrated care experience.

Stronger NP Relationship: The consistent presence of the same nurse foster trust /stronger therapeutic relationship w/ pt

Improved Continuity of Care: The same nurse is responsible for the patient's care during their shift. Improve communication.

Patient Safety: Fewer handoffs and a consistent approach can enhance patient safety.

Efficient Care Planning: The nurse can develop and implement consistent care plans.

Case method (Advantages)

Costly: This method can be expensive due to the higher nurse-to-patient ratio required.

Time-Consuming: Providing total care for a patient can be demanding and time-intensive, potentially leading to burnout.

Limited Scope: The nurse's focus on a limited number of patients can restrict the scope of their practice.

Coordination Challenges: Coordination between shifts can be challenging if the outgoing nurse doesn't provide a thorough handover.

Examples: ICU, where patients require close monitoring and complex care, often utilize the case method.

Case method (Disadvantages)

This is a modification of team and primary nursing. It is a geographical assignment of patient that encourages continuity of care by organizing a group of staff to work with a group of patients in the same locale.

Modular Nursing (District Nursing)

Useful when there are a few Rns

RNs plan their care

Modular Nursing (District Nursing) Advantages

Paraprofessionals do technical aspects of nursing care

Modular Nursing (District Nursing) Disadvantages

Historical Development of the Nurses Code of Ethics in the Philippines

The evolution of the nursing code of ethics in the Philippines began with the adoption of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code before 1984.

In 1982, a special committee of the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) attempted to develop a local code, which was not fully implemented.

However, in 1984, the Board of Nursing officially adopted the ICN Code, adding a fifth responsibility focused on promoting a spiritual environment.

In 1989, the PNA's Code of Ethics was approved by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), and by 2004, a new Code of Ethics was adopted under Republic Act No. 9173, also known as the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002.

This code serves as a framework for ethical nursing practice in the country.

A highlight of the creation of the Nurses Code of Ethics best describe the code of ethics of nurses in the oath for nurses: "to abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug."

Code of Ethics for Nurses in the Philippines

Article I - Preamble In the preamble, health is recognized as a basic human right and emphasizes the responsibility of nurses to promote health, prevent illness, alleviate suffering, and restore health. This article also highlights the obligation to assist in a peaceful death when necessary.

Article II - Registered Nurses and People Nurses must respect the values, customs, and spiritual beliefs of individuals, ensuring that personal information is kept confidential and that patients have the freedom to make informed decisions regarding their care.

Article III - Registered Nurses and Practice In this section, nurses affirm the sanctity of human life and the commitment to providing quality care. Nurses are advocates for their patients, ensuring their rights are safeguarded and that care is documented accurately.

Article IV - Registered Nurses and the Co-workers Article IV of the Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses in the Philippines addresses the relationship between registered nurses and their co-workers. This section emphasizes collaboration, respect, and ethical conduct among nursing professionals.

Article V - Registered Nurses, Society, and Environment This section emphasizes the importance of social responsibility among nurses. It highlights the role of nurses in contributing to the health of society. Nurses are called to advocate for social justice and to be involved in community health initiatives. Furthermore, this also recognizes the impact of the environment on health and encourages nurses to promote a healthy environment as part of their practice.

Article VI - Registered Nurses and the Profession This article focuses on the relationship between registered nurses and the nursing profession. It emphasizes the ethical responsibilities of nurses towards maintaining the integrity and standards of the profession. Nurses must engage in lifelong learning and adhere to the ethical standards set forth by the profession.

Article VII- Administrative Penalties, Repealing Clause, and Effectivity This article outlines the provisions related to administrative penalties, the repealing clause, and the effectivity of the Code. This section specifies that registered nurses who violate the provisions of the Code may face administrative penalties. These penalties are determined by the Board of Nursing and can include suspension or revocation of the nurse's license.

Article VII also includes a clause that repeals any previous codes of ethics for nurses. This means that the newly promulgated Code of Ethics supersedes earlier regulations and guidelines that may have existed prior to its enactment.
• These articles collectively establish a comprehensive ethical framework for Filipino nurses, guiding their professional conduct and ensuring the delivery of compassionate, respectful, and competent care to patients

Code of Ethics for Nurses in the Philippines (ARTICLES)

According to Webster's Dictionary, a ____ means "something to which one has a just claim or the power or privilege."

In nursing ethics, this pertain to the fundamental entitlements and freedoms that patients have, such as the right to make informed decisions about their care, the right to privacy and confidentiality, and the right to refuse treatment.

Nurses must be aware of and respect patients' rights, even if it means the patient may refuse certain aspects of nursing care that the nurse believes would be beneficial.

Rights

in nursing ethics means respecting the right of patients to make their own informed decisions about their care.

This includes obtaining informed consent before performing procedures, even if they are may be routine.

Nurses must be sensitive to the fact that patients' decisions influenced by their cultural, religious, or personal beliefs.

Obtaining written informed consent help protect patient and the healthcare facility from potential legal issues related to respecting patient autonomy.

Autonomy

These concepts are evident during the delivery of nursing care.
It is crucial that nursing care promotes well-being (1) and is safe for the patient.

Likewise, nursing care must ensure that it does not lead to intentional harm (2).
Nurses are challenged to provide quality nursing care every day.
(1&2) are two fundamental ethical principles.

(1) means actively doing good and promoting the well-being of others, while (2) means avoiding harm or doing no harm.

Essentially, (1) is about taking positive actions to help, and (2) is about preventing harm.

Beneficence (1) and Non maleficence (2)

in nursing ethics means being faithful, loyal, and committed to the nursing profession and the patients it serves.

This involves being accountable for one's actions and fulfilling the responsibilities of the nursing role.

This extends beyond just the nurse-patient relationship to include the nurse's obligations to their employer, the community, and the nursing profession as a whole.

In the Philippines, the Professional Regulatory Board and Board of Nursing adopted the Philippine Code of Ethics for Nurses in 2004. Each nurse practicing in the Philippines must be aware of this code to provide the best nursing care possible to the Filipino people.

Fidelity

"rooming-in" refers to the practice of keeping a newborn baby in the same room as the mother right after delivery, facilitating bonding and breastfeeding.

This is supported by _____________, also known as the ________________________________________, which aims to encourage and protect breastfeeding by creating an environment that supports both mother and infant's needs.

Republic Act No. 7600

Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act of 1992

The __________________, officially known as ___________________, is the primary legal framework governing employment practices and labor relations in the Philippines. Enacted in ______, it aims to protect labor, promote full employment, and ensure industrial peace based on social justice.

Labor Code of the Philippines

Presidential Decree No. 442

1974

Sexual harassment in the workplace in the Philippines is a serious issue, prohibited by the _____________________________________, and its definition has been clarified by the Supreme Court in various cases.

It's defined as a demand, request, or requirement for sexual favors from an individual with authority, influence, or moral ascendancy over another in a work, education, or training environment.

This can include situations where sexual favor is a condition for employment, promotion, or favorable compensation, or where refusal to grant such a favor leads to negative employment consequences.

Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (RA 7877)

The _________________________________________, officially known as ____________________, is the primary law in the Philippines that addresses the illegal use, sale, and manufacture of dangerous drugs.

It outlines penalties for various offenses, including the importation, sale, and manufacture of illegal drugs, as well as the operation of drug dens.

Penalties for these offenses can range from life imprisonment to fines between ____________________________.

The law was first published on __________________

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

Republic Act No. 9165

$500,000 and $10,000,000

June 7, 2002

The __________ in the Philippines, formally known as ____________________________, aims to protect and promote breastfeeding by regulating the marketing and distribution of breastmilk substitutes.

It was enacted in ________ and is categorized as "substantially aligned" with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. 

The code prohibits the marketing of infant formula and other related products to the general public and healthcare professionals and it bans donations, samples, and other giveaways by milk companies according to the Ad Standards Council.

Milk Code

Executive Order No. 51

1986

The main law concerning senior citizens in the Philippines is _____________, also known as the "_________________", which has been amended by subsequent laws like _______________________________ and _________________________________________.

These laws aim to maximize senior citizens' contributions to nation-building and grant them various benefits and privileges.

RA_____ provides benefits and privileges to senior citizens in the Philippines, including discounts on transportation and medicine, exemption from income taxes, and the establishment of programs and assistance for senior citizens and their caregivers.

Republic Act No. 7432

Senior Citizens Act

Republic Act No. 9257 (Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2003)

Republic Act No. 9994 (Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010)

The ______________________, also known as ____________________, is a comprehensive law aimed at improving and maintaining the air quality in the Philippines.

It focuses on pollution prevention, promotes public information and education, and encourages cooperation among citizens and industries.

The act also establishes a framework for sustainable development, balancing environmental protection with economic progress.

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Republic Act No. 8749

The ______________________________________________ in the Philippines mandates workplaces to support breastfeeding by providing lactation stations and breaks for nursing employees.

This law aims to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding practices.

It requires both public and private establishments to establish lactation policies, provide lactation stations, and grant nursing employees paid lactation breaks in addition to regular meal breaks.

Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009 (Republic Act No. 10028)

The Congress shall enact a local government code ______ which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable ___________ instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers.

Local government is responsible for a range of vital services for people and businesses in defined areas. Among them are well known functions such as social care, schools, housing and planning and waste collection, but also lesser known ones such as licensing, business support, registrar services and pest control.

RA 7160

local government structure

3 C’s

Communication

Collaboration

Coordination

In legal terms, both _______________ involve harm caused by a failure to meet a certain standard of care, but malpractice is a more specific term, often associated with professional negligence, particularly in fields like medicine.

malpractice and negligence

refers to a failure to exercise the care that a reasonable person would in a similar situation, causing harm or injury

refers to the failure to provide the standard of care that a reasonable and prudent nurse would have provided under similar circumstances, resulting in harm to a patient.

Negligence

A surgeon is performing a routine procedure and accidentally nicks a blood vessel, causing you injury.

Example of medical negligence

 is a specific type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional, a nurse, deviates from the accepted standard of care within their profession, causing injury to a patient.

Malpractice

a surgeon performs a surgery without running necessary tests first, thus leading to an injury

Example of medical malpractice

• Failure to monitor, not regularly checking a patient's vital signs, leading to a delayed response to a change in their condition.

• Inadequate documentation, failing to properly record a patient's care, including medication administration, vital signs, or changes in their condition.

• Delayed response, slow response to a patient's call for help, potentially leading to a worsening of their condition or an injury.

• Forgetting to reposition a patient, this can lead to bedsores formation.

Negligence add ins

• Administering the wrong medication or dosage, this could lead to serious harm or even death.

• Performing a procedure incorrectly, like, improperly inserting a catheter or failing to maintain a sterile field during surgery, leading to infection.

• Failing to recognize and respond to a deteriorating patient by not calling a doctor when a patient's vital signs indicate a serious problem.

• Misinterpreting or failing to follow a doctor's orders, may involve administering the wrong medication or performing an unnecessary procedure.

Malpractice add ins

are both legal documents, but they serve different purposes.

Contracts and wills

A _________ is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties creating mutual obligations, while a _____ is a legal document that outlines how a person's assets and property should be distributed after their death.

contract

will

A ________________, often shortened to "will," is a legal document outlining how a person (the testator) wants their assets and property distributed after their death.

It also names an executor to manage the estate and can include provisions for dependents and guardians.

In the Philippines, wills can be either holographic (entirely handwritten) or notarial (witnessed and notarized)

last will and testament

• are a collection of ideas that recommend general rules for how to manage an organization or business.

• address how supervisors implement strategies to accomplish organizational goals and how they motivate employees to perform at their highest ability.

• Leaders apply concepts from different management theories that best suit their employees and company culture.

• were created to provide many beneficial frameworks for leading teams in the workplace and running businesses.

Management theories

• Increased productivity: Using these theories, leaders learn how to make the most of their team members, improving performances and increasing productivity.

• Simplified decision-making: Management theories give leaders strategies that speed up the decision-making process, helping those leaders be more effective in their roles.

• Increased collaboration: Leaders learn how to encourage team member participation and increase collaboration in the workplace.

• Increased objectivity: Management theories encourage leaders to make scientifically proven changes rather than relying on their judgment.

Benefits of management theories

• Scientific management theory

• Principles of administrative management theory

• Bureaucratic management theory

• Human relations theory

• Systems management theory

• Contingency management theory

• Theory X and Y

Types of management theories

Developed by Frederick Taylor, study work performance scientifically. Taylor’s principles recommended that the scientific method should be used to perform tasks in the workplace, as opposed to the leader relying on their judgment or the personal discretion of team members.

His philosophy emphasized that forcing people to work hard would result in the most productive workplace. He recommended simplifying tasks to increase productivity. He suggested that leaders assign team members to jobs that best match their abilities, train them thoroughly and supervise them to ensure they are efficient in the role.

While his focus on achieving maximum workplace efficiency by finding the optimal way to complete a task was useful, it ignored the humanity of the individual. This theory demonstrate the importance of workplace efficiency, the value of making sure team members received ample training and the need for teamwork and cooperation between supervisors and employees.

Scientific management theory

Henri Fayol developed this theory when he examined an organization through the perspective of the managers and situations they might encounter.

He believed that leaders had to forecast, plan, coordinate, command, and control, and he developed principles that outlined how leaders should organize and interact with their teams. He suggested that the principles should not be rigid but that it should be left up to the manager to determine how they use them to manage efficiently and effectively.

The 14 principles of Fayol were discussed earlier.

Principles of administrative management theory

Developed by Max Weber, bureaucratic management theory focuses on structuring organizations in a hierarchy so there are clear rules of governance.

His principles for creating this system include a chain of command, clear division of labor, separation of personal and organizational assets of the owner, strict and consistent rules and regulations, meticulous recordkeeping and documentation, and the selection and promotion of employees based on their performance and qualifications.

This theory has played a key role in establishing standards and procedures that are at the core of most organizations today.

Bureaucratic management theory

This theory was developed by Elton Mayo, who conducted experiments designed to improve productivity that laid the foundation for the human relations movement. His focus was on changing working conditions like lighting, break times, and the length of the workday.

Every change he tested was met with an improvement in performance. The improvements weren’t due to the changes but the result of the researchers paying attention to the employees and making them feel valued.

These experiments gave rise to the theory that employees are more motivated by personal attention and being part of a group than they are by money or even working conditions.

Human relations theory

Systems theory was proposed in the 1940s by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy and furthered by Ross Ashby (1964).

This theory asserts that businesses consist of multiple components that must work in harmony for the larger system to function optimally.

The organization’s success depends on synergy, interdependence, and interrelations between subsystems.

According to this theory, employees are the most important components of a company, departments, workgroups, and business units – all crucial elements for success.

Managers should evaluate patterns and events within the organization to determine the best management approach. They need to collaborate and work together on programs to ensure success.

Systems Management Theory

Developed by Fred Fiedler, this theory’s primary focus is that no one management approach works for every organization.

Fiedler suggested that a leader’s traits were directly related to how effectively they lead their team.

He asserts that there are leadership traits that apply to every kind of situation and that a leader must be flexible to adapt to a changing environment.

Contingency Management Theory

Douglas McGregor introduced X and Y theories where he concluded that two different styles of management are guided by their perceptions of team member motivations.

Managers who assume employees are apathetic or dislike their work use Theory X, which is authoritarian.

Theory Y is used by managers who believe employees are responsible, committed, and self-motivated. This is a participative management style that gives rise to a more collaborative work environment, whereas Theory X leads to micromanaging.

He concluded that large organizations may rely on Theory X to keep everyone focused on meeting organizational goals. Smaller businesses, where employees are part of the decision-making process and where creativity is encouraged, tend to use Theory Y.

Theory X and Y

Legitimate power to direct others. Power is one’s capacity to influence others.

Authority

• Expert power – It is derived from the knowledge & skills one possesses.

• Legitimate power – It is derived from the position one holds in a group & indicates authority but not sufficient as one’s only source of power.

• Referent power – Derived from respect & trust coming from any individual, group, or organization.

• Reward power – It comes from the ability to recognize others for complying.

• Coercive power – It is based on fear of punishment if one fails to conform.

• Connection power – It comes from coalition & interpersonal relationship.

• Informational power – It comes from knowledge & access to information.

Sources of power

It is derived from the knowledge & skills one possesses.

Expert power

It is derived from the position one holds in a group & indicates authority but not sufficient as one’s only source of power.

Legitimate power

Derived from respect & trust coming from any individual, group, or organization.

Referent power

It comes from the ability to recognize others for complying.

Reward power

It is based on fear of punishment if one fails to conform.

Coercive power

It comes from coalition & interpersonal relationship.

Connection power

It comes from knowledge & access to information.

Informational power

• Legitimate/authority – power granted by an official position

• Referent – potential influence one has because of the strength of relationships between leaders and followers

• Expert – gained through the position of special knowledge, wisdom, sound judgment, good decision skills, skills, or ability

• Informational power – exists when an individual has information that others must have to accomplish particular goals

• Connection power – based on having connections or associations with others who are powerful

• Coercive power or punishment power – manager controls the groups through fears, threats, and sanctions

• Reward power – this is achieved through influencing others because of one’s control over desired resources

Baes of Power for Leaders

power granted by an official position

Legitimate/authority

potential influence one has because of the strength of relationships between leaders and followers

Referent

gained through the position of special knowledge, wisdom, sound judgment, good decision skills, skills, or ability

Expert

exists when an individual has information that others must have to accomplish particular goals

Informational power

based on having connections or associations with others who are powerful

Connection power

manager controls the groups through fears, threats, and sanctions

Coercive power or punishment power