BIO102-EXAM2

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Last updated 3:48 PM on 6/9/26
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18 Terms

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Prokaryote Def.

single-celled (unicellular)

0.5-10 μm

ubiquitous

may be free-living, symbiotic, and
colonial

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Prokaryotes

one circular chromosone not in a membrane

no membranous organelles

divides by binary fission

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Eukaryote

paired linear chromosones, in nuclear membrane

many membranous organelles

divides by mitosis

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Bacteria

cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

membrane based on fatty acids

some use chlorophyll in photosynthesis

cannot generate methane

sensitive to streptomycin

genes do not contain introns

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Archaea

cell wall composed of protein

membrane based on nonfatty acid lipids

do not use chlorophyll

some generate methane

insensitive to streptomycin

genes my contain introns

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Bacillus

rod/cylinder

<p>rod/cylinder </p>
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Coccus

spherical

<p>spherical</p>
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Spiral

Spirillum - rigid

Spirochete - flexible

<p>Spirillum - rigid </p><p>Spirochete - flexible</p>
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Staphylo-

clusters

<p>clusters</p>
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Strepto-

chains

<p>chains</p>
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Nucleoid

the region where the DNA resides

<p>the region where the DNA resides</p>
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Chromosome

circular thread of DNA that contains the cell’s genetic information

<p>circular thread of DNA that contains the cell’s genetic information</p>
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Ribosomes

use mRNA to synthesize proteins

  • made of protein and ribosomal RNA

<p>use mRNA to synthesize proteins</p><ul><li><p>made of protein and ribosomal RNA</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Plasmids

self replicating circular pieces of DNA apart from the chromosome

  • carry non-crucial genes

  • can be transferred among some bacteria by conjugation

<p>self replicating circular pieces of DNA apart from the chromosome</p><ul><li><p>carry non-crucial genes</p></li><li><p>can be transferred among some bacteria by conjugation</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Endospore

metabolically inactive resting cells

  • produced when nutrients are depleted

  • resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation

  • last from years to 1000’s of years

  • produced by bacillus and clostridium

<p>metabolically inactive resting cells</p><ul><li><p>produced when nutrients are depleted</p></li><li><p>resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation</p></li><li><p>last from years to 1000’s of years</p></li><li><p>produced by bacillus and clostridium</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cell membrane

outer boundary of the cell; regulates what can enter and exit the cell (selective permeability)

  • phospholid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm

  • integral and transmembrane protein serve various functions

<p>outer boundary of the cell; regulates what can enter and exit the cell (selective permeability)</p><ul><li><p>phospholid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm</p></li><li><p>integral and transmembrane protein serve various functions</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cell wall

outside the cell membrane; gives the cell its shape and protects it from osmotic pressure

-made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

  • polymer of disaccharides linked by polypeptides

<p>outside the cell membrane; gives the cell its shape and protects it from osmotic pressure</p><p>-made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)</p><ul><li><p>polymer of disaccharides linked by polypeptides</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Flagella