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Viruses
Obligate intracellular parasites requiring host for replication.
Bacteriophage
Viruses specifically infecting bacteria.
Capsid
Protein coat surrounding viral nucleic acid.
Envelope
Membrane acquired from host during viral release.
Viral Genome Size
Ranges from 1,700 bases to over 2 million bp.
Nucleic Acid Types
Can be DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded.
Viral Shapes
Viruses exist in various basic structural forms.
Viral Replicative Cycle
Consists of attachment, entry, gene expression, replication.
Attachment
Specific binding to host cell surface receptors.
Entry
Transfer of viral nucleic acid into host cell.
Early Gene Expression
Production of enzymes for viral nucleic acid replication.
Replication of Viral Nucleic Acid
New virions package original nucleic acid type.
Late Gene Expression
Production of capsid proteins for viral assembly.
Assembly
Formation of new virus particles from nucleic acid.
Release
New virus particles exit host cell via budding or lysis.
Endocytosis
Viral entry method involving host cell membrane engulfment.
Fusion
Process where enveloped viruses merge with host membrane.
Viral Enzymes
Proteins required for replication and release of viruses.
Lysis
Bursting of host cell to release non-enveloped viruses.
Segmented Genome
Viral genome divided into multiple segments.
Non-segmented Genome
Viral genome consisting of a single piece.
Glycoproteins
Proteins on viral surface aiding in host recognition.
Viral Particle
Complete virus structure ready for infection.
Viral Infection
Process by which viruses invade host cells.
ds-DNA viruses
Most common type of DNA viruses.
Phage T4
A well-studied virulent bacteriophage.
Bacteriophage λ
Example of a temperate bacteriophage.
Lytic pathway
Viral replication leading to host cell lysis.
Lysogenic pathway
Viral DNA integrates into host genome.
Prophage
Phage in a lysogenic state within host.
Viral replicase
Enzyme synthesizing RNA from RNA template.
Reverse transcriptase
Enzyme converting RNA to DNA in retroviruses.
(+) sense RNA
RNA that can be directly translated.
(-) sense RNA
RNA complementary to mRNA, not directly translatable.
Retroviruses
RNA viruses that reverse transcribe to DNA.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Enzyme synthesizing RNA from RNA template.
Viral assembly
Process of forming new viral particles.
Integrase
Enzyme integrating viral DNA into host DNA.
Protease
Enzyme cleaving viral polyproteins into functional proteins.
Mobile genetic elements
Includes viruses and plasmids that transfer genes.
Plasmids
Circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules in cells.
Origin of replication
Site where DNA replication begins in plasmids.
Copy number
Number of plasmid copies in a cell.
Conjugation
Process of plasmid transfer between bacteria.
Bacteriocins
Substances produced by bacteria to inhibit others.
Toxic metal resistance
Ability of bacteria to survive in contaminated soils.
Antibiotic resistance factors
Genes that modify or destroy antibiotics.
Viral genome
Genetic material of a virus, either DNA or RNA.
Viral proteins
Proteins synthesized from viral mRNA.
Host RNA polymerase
Host enzyme modified for viral transcription.
Viral tail proteins
Proteins involved in attaching and injecting viral DNA.
Viral capsid
Protein shell enclosing viral genetic material.
