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Sexual reproduction
reproduction between two organisms that results in a genetically mixed organism
Asexual reproduction
reproduction that a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Binary fission
a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
External factors
outside the cell - include messages from nearby cells and from distant parts of the organism’s body
Internal factors
inside of the cell - kinases and cyclins
Centromere
uncoiled DNA
Telomere
the region at the tip of a chromosome made of repeating DNA sequences
Chromosome
structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein
Chromatin
substance that composes chromosomes; consists of specific proteins DNA and small amounts of RNA
Zygote
result of two gametes uniting
Gametes
a haploid reproductive cell that unites with other to form a zygote
Cancer
uncontrolled cell division
Malignant
cancerous tumor, cells break away and spread to other parts of the body harming the organism
Benign
having no dangerous effect on health referring to abnormal growth of cells that are not cancerous
What is the first stage of the cell cycle?
interphase
What is the second stage of the cell cycle?
Prophase
What is the third phase of the cell cycle?
Metaphase
What is the fourth phase of the cell cycle?
Anaphase
What is the fifth stage of the cell cycle?
Telophase
What is the sixth stage of the cell cycle
Cytokinesis
What happens in interphase?
Longest part of the cell cycle and everything doubles
What happens in prophase?
spindle fibers appear an the chromosomes become visible
What happens in metaphase?
chromatids line up in the middle of cell
What happens in anaphase?
chromatids separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell
What happens in telophase?
Two nuclei form. Chromosomes have moved to opposite poles
What happens in cytokinesis?
The cell membrane completely splits and becomes two daughter cells
What are the key checkpoints?
Between G1 and S - check for DNA damage
Between G2 and M - check cell size and that DNA is copied
Before metaphase - check that spindle fibers are attached
What is the end product of mitosis/cytokinesis?
two identical daughter cells (diploid)
What is the end product of asexual reproduction?
two identical daughter cells (diploid)
What are the stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is the difference between mitosis in plants and animal cells?
plant cells - during mitosis the plant creates a cell wall between the new cells
animal cells - cleavage furrow forms and pinches the cell wall and the cell membranes splits apart
What is a carcinogen?
something that causes cancer
What is an example of a carcinogen?
alcohol, nicotine, UV rays
What is budding?
when an organism makes a growth off of itself then breaks off and becomes a new organism
example - sponges
What is binary fission?
one cell divides into two cells of the same size
example - amoeba
What is fragmentation?
organism breaks into pieces and those pieces become new organisms
example - starfish
What is vegetative reproduction?
stem, branch, or root becomes a new organism
example - strawberries
What is hermaphrodite?
when an organism has both sex organs
example - snails
Advantages of sexual reproduction
has genetic variation
adapts to changing environments
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction
requires two organisms
takes time
takes energy
Advantages of asexual reproduction
only needs one organism
faster
Disadvantages of asexual reproduction
exact same organism is produced
What is differentiation?
cells specialize in a job
When does differentiation occur?
occurs during development (embryo)
What are stem cells and their importance?
undifferentiated cells that can turn into any cell - important since they can do different jobs and for medical purposes
Advantages of adult stem cells
can be taken from patient
grown in culture
risk of rejection is low
avoids ethical issues
Disadvantages of adult stem cells
few in number
difficult to isolate
risky to grow
contain more DNA abnormalities
Advantages of embryonic stem cells
Can grow indefinitely
can cure a lot of things
Disadvantages of embryonic stem cells
can cause tumors if unchecked
body can reject the foreign tissue
What is a immortal cell?(Henrietta Lacks)
cell that double in volume every 20 to 24 and have the potential to be immortal if they were fed the right nutrients
What medical problem did Henrietta Lacks have?
cervical cancer
What baffled scientists about Henrietta Lack’s cells?
her cells doubled in volume every 20 to 24 - has the potential to be immortal if they were fed the right nutrients
What are 3 scientific discoveries that came from Henrietta Lack’s cells?
her cells became an effective tool for growing large amounts of poliovirus
used her cells to develop a cancer research method
used her cells to study the impacs of x-rays on human cell growth
What are some ethical issues about using her cells?
informed consent
medical records privacy
communication with tissue donors
research participants
What happens in G2?
prepare for mitosis and double in size
What happens in G1?
cell grows in size
What happens in S (synthesis)
DNA copies
