Exercise 11 - Regional Anatomy III: The Trunk

body of vertebra

Inferior articular facet

Lamina

Pedicle

spinous process

Superior articular facet

Transverse costal facet of thoracic vertebra

only on thoracic

Transverse process

Typical cervical vertebra

small body, large vertebral foramen, body anterior and spine posterior, transverse foramen present for blood vessels and bifid spinous process (Y-shaped)

Typical lumbar vertebra

large body, superior articular facets curved inwards, looks like moose

Typical thoracic vertebra

medium body, superior articular facets look like headlights, looks like a giraffe

Vertebral foramen

Anterior arch of atlas

Posterior arch of atlas

atlas

the first of seven cervical vertebrae (vertebra C1); supports the weight of the skull.

axis

the second cervical vertebra (C2); acts as a pivot for the rotation of the head and atlas

axis dens

Anterior sacral foramen

Coccyx

Posterior sacral foramen

Promontory of sacrum

sacrum

vertebrochondral ribs

ribs 8-10 (3 total); false ribs not directly attached to sternum

floating ribs (vertebrochondral ribs)

ribs 11-12 (2 total); false ribs with no attachment to sternum

true ribs

ribs 1-7 (8 total), direct attachment to sternum via costal cartilages

Body of sternum

Jugular notch of sternum

Manubrium

sternal angle

Xiphoid process

Costal cartilages

costal margin

false ribs

ribs 8-12 (5 total)

pectoral girdle

a bony structure that connects the upper limbs to the upper body; made of clavicle and scapula

vertebral head of rib

has head, neck, tubercle, articular facet for transverse process; allow to connect to vertebrae

sternal end of rib

smooth, has shaft

costal groove

a shallow depression in the body of a rib that provides a passageway for nerves and blood vessels

angle of rib / costal angle

the area where a rib sharply bends

number of cervical vertebrae

7 (C1-C7)

number of thoracic vertebrae

12 (T1-T12)

number of lumbar vertebrae

5 (L1-L5)

number of sacral foramina

5 (S1-S5)

cervical lordosis

the natural curve of the neck's spine (30–40 degrees) which helps with posture, shock absorption, and head support

thoracic kyphosis

natural curve of thoracic vertebrae (between 20 to 40 degrees)

lumbar lordosis

the inward curve (40–60 degrees) of the lower back, or lumbar spine, that occurs just above the buttocks

sacral kyphosis

a downward and forward curve of the spine that begins at the sacrovertebral articulation and ends at the coccyx

scoliosis

a spinal deformity that causes an abnormal sideways curve of the spine

hyperkyphosis

condition where the spine (specifically thoracic portion) has an excessive forward curvature, or kyphosis, that is greater than 50 degrees

hyperlordosis

a condition where the lower back (lumbar vertebrae) curves too far inward, creating an exaggerated C-shape

transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae

only cervical

vertebral prominens

vertebrae C7; has large, singular spinous process that's easily felt and seen at the base of the neck

total pairs of ribs in body

12

sacral canal

External abdominal oblique

flex and rotate vertebral column; compress abdomen; 2nd most superficial

Linea alba

runs superiorly and inferiorly from the umbilicus; tendon that extends from xiphoid process to pubic symphesis; favored site for surgical entry into the abdominal cavity

Rectus abdominis

flexes and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column (sit-ups); most superficial

trapezius

elevates, rotates, retracts, and depresses scapula; extends head (shrugging shoulders)

latissimus dorsi

prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder (chin-up muscles)

erector spinae

made of the longissimus, iliocostalis, and spinalis muscles running from lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and iliac crest and attaching to the medial portions of vertebrae and above ribs; prime movers of back extension and common site of back spasms

iliocostalis

extend the spine when contracting bilaterally and to laterally flex the spine when contracting unilaterally; most lateral of erector spinae

longissimus

Neck extension: bending the neck backwards. Lateral neck flexion: bending the neck to each side. Back extension: bending the back backwards; middle of erector spinae

muscles of posterior trunk

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

posterior median furrow

vertical groove in center of back (surface anatomy); spinous processes of vertebrae visible when spinal column flexed

triangle of auscultation

a small, clinically important area on the back of the body where the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and rhomboid major muscles meet; where doctors listen for lung sounds

transversus abdominis

compresses abdomen; most deep

internal oblique m.

flex and rotate vertebral column; compress abdomen; 2nd most deep

pectoralis major

prime mover of arm flexion; adducts and medially rotates (push-ups)

serratus anterior

abducts and rotates scapula upwards; lifts rub cage assisting in inhalation

external intercostals

elevates ribs during inhalation

internal intercostals

depresses ribs during forced exhalation

diaphragm

prime mover of inhalation; increases thorax volume

muscles of anterior trunk

pectoralis major, serratus anterior, external/internal intercostals, diaphragm, rectus abdominis (with linea alba), external/internal (abdominal) obliques, transverse abdominus

axillary folds of axilla

anterior fold = edge of pectoralis major, posterior = edge of latissimus dorsi; base = hair growth and lymph nodes

umbilicus

navel; belly button

Spinalis

part of erector spinae

Surface projection of jugular notch of sternum