BB Unit 4??

Hormones

Travel through the bloodstream to act on targets

Endocrine glands

Release hormonese within the body

Protein hormones

A string of amino acids, with different combos

Amine hormones

Modified version of a single amino acid, monoamine hormones

Steroid hormones

Derived from cholesterol and made of four rings of carbon atoms, vary in number and kinds of atoms attached to the rings

Protein/amine hormone action

Binds to specific receptors on the surface of the cell, triggers G protein, activating the second messaging system; fast

Steroid hormone action

Diffuses through cell membrane, binds to large receptor molecules, binds inside steroid receptor complex—parts of the DNA; slow and long-lasting

Neuroendocrine cells

Specialized neurons that release hormones into the blood, receives synaptic input from other neurons, can produce action potentials, release hormones instead of neurotransmitters; hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Produces oxytocin and vacopressin via neuroendocrine cells

Pituitary stalk

Connects pituitary to the hypothalmus

Posterior pituitary

Releases oxytocin and vasopressin-does not make them, releases hormones into local blood stream

Oxytocin

Reproduction, female pair-bonding, parenting behavior, uterine contraction, milk letdown reflex

Vasopressin

Water conversion and increases blood pressure

Negative feedback

Output of the hormone feeds back to inhibit the drive for more of that same hormone

Anterior pituitary

Has endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete different hormones, each secretes a different protein hormone, general bloodstream

Median eminence

Where axons of neuroendocrine cells converge, net of blood vessels; forms hypothalamic pituitary portal system

Tropic hormones

Released in response to previously released hormone, into general blood stream, proteins and regulates endocrine glands

Releasing hormones

Hormones that control pituitary’s release of tropic hormones

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

Blood vessels, axon terminals secrete relasing hormones into local bloodstream-anterior pituitary-gen circulation

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release one/both gonadotropins, pubery started

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulated the production/growth of sperm/egg

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Secretion of gonadal hormone (testosterone) or releasing eggs and secrete progesterone

Estrogent

Development and maintenance of reproductive organs and second sex characteristics, influences memory and learning

Progestins

Progesterone, maintain pregnancy, ovulation, prep for implantation of fertilized egg, ovulatory cycle—stimulate ovarian follicles to grow and secrete estrogens until release of egg

Entrainment

Process of shifting the rhythm with a synchronizing cue (light)

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Location of bio clock, produces a circadian rhythm, within hypothalamus, matches donor rhythm, lesion shows disruption

Retinohypothalamic pathway

Light info from the eye to the SCN, carries info about light to entrain rhythms

Melanopsin

Makes animals sensitive to light, without difficulty with sleep/wake culcles

REM

Small amplitude, fast EEg waves, no postural tension, rapid eye movements, vivid dreams and nightmares

Awake

Low amplitude with fast frequencies, beta activity—mix of frequencies, relaxation—alpha rhythm

Stage 1

Irregular frequency and smaller amplitude, vertex spikes-sharp waves

Stage 2

Sleep spindles-burts of sharp, k-complexes—sharp negative EEG

SWS, Stage 3

Delta waves-large-amplitude, slow, deep sleep, night terrors

Four functions of sleep

Energy conservation, niche adaptation, body restoration, memory consolidation

Forebrain system

Generates SWS-basal forebrain, GABA release, inhibits wakefulness

Brainstem system

Activates the forebrain/cortex into wakefulness, reticular formation activates the forebrain—activating system

Pontine system

Triggers REM sleep, inhibits motonerons from firing

Hypothalamic system

Affects the other three, control unit; determiner

Narcolepsy

Hypothalamic sleep center, sleep attacks, no SWS before REM, cataplexy—collapse, affected orexin receptor

Sleep-onset insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep, situational factors

Sleep-maintenance insomnia

Difficulty staying asleep, neurological/drug factors

Sleep state misperception

People report insomnia even when they were asleep

Positive symptoms

Abnormal gained behaviors, motor, present but should not be; hallucination, delusion, grandiosity, disorganized thought/speech, bizarre behaviors

Negative symptoms

Loss of some functions, slowed speech/thought, withdrawl, absent but should be present, emotional dysregulation, impaired motivation

Anhedonia

Not finding pleasure in anything, reduced emotional expression

Cognitive impairments

Difficulty processing and acting on external info; memory/attention problems

Brain changes

Enlarged cerebral ventricles, hippocampus and amygdala are smaller, cortical abnormalities

Hypofrontality hypothesis

Frontal lobes are underactive, hearing voices—voice generated areas in the brain are active

Chlorpromazine

Originally an anesthetic, reduce positive symptoms

Dyskinesia

Maladaptive motor symptoms

Tardive dyskinesia

Repetitive, involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue

Supersensitivity psychosis

Rebound after antipsychotic medication is reduced, consequence of up-regulation of receptors during treatment

Second gen antipsychotics

Moderate affinity for dopamine receptors, highest affinity for other transmitter receptors

First gen antipsychotics

D2 receptor antagonists, effective at lower doses

Dopamine hypothesis

Caused by an excess of dopamine release or receptors; drugs aren’t entirely effective

PCP and ketamine

NMDA receptor antagonist, prevents glutamate from acting normally, inhibits calcium from opening the channel

Glutamate hypothesis

Underactivation of all glutamate receptors

Depression brain changes

(+) blood flow to the frontal cortex and amygdala, (-) blood flow to areas implicated in attention, thinner right cortex (emotions), difficulty regulating stress hormones, smaller hippocampus

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Increase neurogenesis and hormones that help decrease anxiety, long lag-time, increased risk of suicide

Depression Sleep Changes

Less SWS, enter REM quick and different distribution