unit 2 rad 1

chpts 4, 5 (some 1)

how many bones in the human body?

206

what is the axial skeleton, and how many bones?

trunk, head, 80 bones

what is the appendicular skeleton, and how many bones?

extremities, 126

what is the compact bone?

strong, dense layer

what is the spongy bone?

inner, less dense layer

what does the spongy bone contain?

trabeculae

what is inside of trabeculae?

red and yellow marrow

what is the red circle?

periosteum (tough fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends)

what is the red circle?

medullary cavity (contains trabeculae)

what is the red circle?

trabeculae (filled w red and yellow marrow)

what is the red circle?

greater tubercle

what is the red circle?

epiphyseal line

what is the red circle?

articular cartilage

what is the red circle?

spongy bone (red marrow)

what is the red circle?

compact bone

what is the red circle?

endosteum

what is the red circle?

diaphysis (body)

what is the red circle?

metaphysis

what is the red circle?

epiphyseal plate

what is the red circle

epiphyses (rounded end)

definition of ossification

the development and formation of bones

what are the two processes of ossification?

intermembranous, endochondral

what is intermembranous ossification

forms bone directly from embryonic connective tissue without cartilage stage

what bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

flat bones

what is endochondral ossification

bone tissue is created by replacing pre-existing hyaline cartilage

what bones are created by endochondral ossification?

short, irregular, and long bones

what 2 stages does endochondral ossification occur at

primary, secondary

what is ossification that occurs before birth

primary ossification

what does primary ossification form

long central shafts in long bones

what occurs during secondary ossification

seperate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones, ends are called epiphyses

what is ossification that occurs after birth

secondary

what are processes or projections

extend beyond or project out from the main body of bone

what are bone depressions

hollow or depressed areas

what is a bone fracture

a break in bone

what are long bones?

consist of body and 2 enlarged articular ends. limbs (femur, humerus, fibula, phalanges)

what are irregular bones?

vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones

what are short bones

consist mainly of cancellous bone w/ thin outer layer of compact bone. carpals, tarsals

what are flat bones

consist of two plates of compact bones. cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae

what is the middle layer of cancellous bone called

diploe

what are sesamoid bones

small, develop inside and beside tendons. patella, hallux sesamoid (big toe), pisiform (wrist)

defined as the study of joints, or articulations, between bones

arthrology

how is arthrology classified

functional, structural

what are the 3 subdivisions based on mobility of joint

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

what is the mobility of a synarthroses

immovable

what is the mobility of an amphiarthroses joint

slightly movable

what is the mobility of a diarthroses joint

freely movable

what are the three distinct groups based on CONNECTIVE TISSUE

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial (11 joints in these categories total)

what is a fibrous joint group

• do not have joint cavity (united by fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments

• strongest joints in body

what is a syndesmosis joint

type of fibrous joint where two parallel bones are united by fibrous sheets

• immovable, or very slightly movable

• ex: distal tibiofibular joint

what is a suture joint

type of fibrous joint

• immovable joint ONLY in skull

what is a gomphosis joint

type of fibrous joint

• immovable joint ONLY in roots of teeth

what is a cartilaginous joint group

• do not have joint cavity

• united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

symphysis, synchondrosis

what is a symphysis joint

type of cartilaginous joint

• slightly movable

• separated by a pad of fibrocartilage

• designed for strength and shock absorbency

• ex: pubic symphysis

what is a synchondrosis joint

type of cartilaginous joint

• immovable joint

• united by rigid cartilage

• ex: epiphyseal plate

what is a synovial joint

permit wide range of motion, freely movable, encloses by articular capsule

what are the six movement types of synovial joints

• plane (gliding)

• ginglymus (hinge)

• trochoid (pivot

• ellipsoid (condyloid

• sellar (saddle)

• spheroidal (ball and socket)

what is a gliding joint

• synovial joint classification

• permits slight movement (ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints)

what is a hinge joint

• synovial joint classification

• permits flexion and extension only (ex: elbow, knee, ankle)

what is a pivot joint

• synovial joint classification,

• allows rotation around a single axis (ex: atlantoaxial joint C1-C2)

what is an ellipsoid joint

• synovial joint classification

• allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction (ex: radiocarpal (wrist) joint)

what is a saddle joint

• synovial joint classification,

• allows movement similar to ellipsoid but has a different shaped articular surface.

• (ex: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal)

what is a ball and socket joint

• synovial joint classification,

• permits widest range of motion (ex: hip and shoulder)

what is a condyle on a bone

rounded process at an articular end (ex: femoral condyles)

what is a coracoid

beaklike or crownlike process (hook like) ex: projection on scapula

what is a coronoid

beaklike or crownlike process (hook like) found on the proximal ulna (forearm bone) and the mandible (lower jaw).

what is a crest on a bone

ridgelike process (ex: iliac crest)

what is an epicondyle on a bone

projection above a condyle (ex: femoral epicondyle)

what is a facet on a bone

small, smooth-surfaced articular process used to stabilize connections (ex: each pair of vertebrae)

what is a hamulus on a bone

hook shaped process

what is a bone head

expanded end of long bone

what is a horn on a bone

hornlike process (ex: hyoid bone)

what is a line on a bone

linear elevation, not as prominent as crest

what is a malleolus

club shaped process, on either side of ankle

what is a protuberance

projecting prominence

what is a spine on bone

sharp process

what is a styloid

long, pointed process

what is a trochanter

either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur (greater or lesser)

what is a tubercle

small, rounded, and elevated process

what is a tuberosity

Large, rounded, and elevated process

what is a fissure

cleft or deep groove, maybe small tear (an@l fissure)

what is a foramen

hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves (ex: foramen magnum)

what is a fossa

pit, fovea, or hollow space

what is a groove

shallow linear channel

what is a meatus

tubelike passageway (ex: urinary meatus)

what is a notch

indentation in the border of a bone

what is a sinus

recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space

what is a sulcus

furrow or trench

what region is this

shoulder girdle

what region is this

arm (humerus)

what region is this

forerarm

what region is this

hand & wrist

what region is this?

phalanges

what region is this?

metacarpals

what region is this?

carpals

what part of the phalanx is this

distal (of second digit)

what part of the phalanx is this

middle (of second digit)

what part of the phalanx is this

proximal (of second digit)

what PART of the bone is this

head

what PART of the bone is this

body