TCU Urban World Walker Exam Two

Where is the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area? What does it encompass?

9,286 mi²

- 13 counties surrounding Dallas and Fort Worth

What are some differences between Dallas and Fort Worth?

Dallas:

o Transportation (DART)

o Global Community

o History - JFK

o "Dallas"

o "Cowboys"

Fort Worth

o "Cowboys" - Culture/Athletics

" Stockyards

o Slower Pace/Small Town Feel

o TCU

What is a streetcar suburb? Why is it named as such? What do streetcar suburbs tend to look like?

residential growth along street car lines

How, and why, did metropolitan areas expand so dramatically after World War II?

o What did post-war suburbs look like?

o What are "Levittowns?"

o What government policies contributed to suburbanization during this period?

- post-war suburbanization: federally insured, low interest mortgages

- Levittown: idealized notion of what an ideal American family looks like

How have cities in the DFW metro area grown over the past few decades?

From the start of 1990 to the end of 2016, the DFW metropolitan statistical area increased total employment by 1,465,581 jobs, topping much bigger New York by more than 70,232 jobs and surpassing fellow Sunbelt boomtowns Houston (by 195,012 jobs) and Atlanta (by 232,351 jobs).

- most jobs in suburbs

Where has this growth taken place?

growth specifically in North Dallas

What is the "American Dream?"

the ideal that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative.

What does the "American Dream" look like? What stereotypes does it embody?

hard work can get you anywhere (?)

How do race and gender factor into the American Dream?

Not very inclusive.

Race: white American (?)

Gender: male (?)

White family of 4, grilling and eating hot dogs, house with backyard, etc.

How is the American Dream associated with urban space in the United States?

homeownership; moving to suburbs outside of cities

In what ways is 20th-century American suburbanization associated with Cold War geopolitics?

Political leaders celebrated suburban living, linking suburban consumption to the health of the republic itself. And they elevated the suburban home to a gleaming symbol of American superiority during the Cold War.

What is an "edge city?" What are their characteristics?

relatively large urban area situated on the outskirts of a city, typically beside a major road.

- a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area.

Where are "edge cities" located in the DFW metropolitan area?

Arlington, Grapevine, etc.

Where are corporate headquarters located within the DFW metropolitan area? What is the corporate geography of the region?

Irving and Plano

Where do jobs tend to be located within DFW? What types of jobs are located in different types of areas?

By an overwhelming margin, DFW's net jobs gains have come in the suburbs. Recent headlines about large corporate relocations and consolidations, led by the highly publicized moves of Toyota, Liberty Mutual, and State Farm, are just the latest wave of a long trend of employers choosing to locate outside Dallas' city limits

- Collin and Tarrant counties.

- Corporate headquarters

Among large US metropolitan areas, which have the greatest proportion of commuters driving alone to work? In which metropolitan areas is public transportation most prevalent?

DC, San Francisco, Boston, Chicago, New York

How is automobility linked with suburbanization in the United States? What impacts has automobility had on American cities?

automobility allows people to live farther away from where they work and commute longer distances than previously. Automobility allowed for the suburbanization of cities and increased growth as well as the need for roads

Where is the Detroit metropolitan area? What does it encompass?

Southeast Michigan, 1,337.16 square miles

Historically, what factors contributed to the growth of Detroit?

- Detroit's initial growth, in the 1820's and 1830's, came from its economic base in flour milling. There also developed there, in addition to the establishments serving the local consumer market, workshops for repairing and supplying goods and equipment used in the flour industry. These included shipyards.

- By the 1840's Detroit shipyards were not only building and repairing ships for the Great Lakes trade but also building ocean-going cargo ships. Detroit shipyards were among the first in the world to build steam ships.

- Detroit at the end of the nineteenth century had a very sophisticated machine industry that made it a fertile place for the automobile industry to develop.

Who is Henry Ford? What impact did he have on Detroit?

Founder of Ford automobile; created factory jobs and gave everyone easier access to owning automobiles

How has Detroit's population changed over time? When did it peak?

Peaked in 1950 at almost 1.85 million

Then dropped over time and has lost over 1 million to this day

" What is the "Great Migration?"

demographic movement that took place in the first half of the 20th century, fundamentally shaped Northern American cities

What are some of the factors that influenced the Great Migration?

- African slave trade and the forced immigration of Africans

- Jim Crow Laws after slavery

- Segregation

- Violence such as lynching

- African-Americans fled to the North

- Turn of the 20th century, millions of blacks fled to cities such as Saint Louis and Detroit

- Push and Pull Factors

- Push Factors: things that motivate people to leave a place

- Pull Factors: things that attract people to move to a place

Who participated in the Great Migration?

Africans

- First Great Migration (1910-1940)

- Second Great Migration (1940-1970) - more blacks moved from the South

Where did migrants in the Great Migration tend to resettle?

North

How did the geography of the African-American population in the United States change during the 20th century?

Turn of the 20th century, millions of blacks fled to cities such as Saint Louis and Detroit

What is segregation?

o How does "sorting" influence segregation?

o How does "discrimination" influence segregation?

the geographical separation of two or more groups of people in a given space

What government policies influenced racial segregation in the United States? In Detroit?

HOLC

What is the HOLC, and what was its ratings system?

(Home Owners Loan Corporation): established standards for federally insuring mortgages; established rating system to provide guidelines on which areas should be prioritized for federal investment

What factors influenced HOLC's ratings system?

Redlining

What is "redlining" and how is it related to segregation within cities?

the delineation of specific areas that are unsuitable for investment and unsuitable for the government insured mortgages

Be prepared to explain in the context of segregation:

o Restrictive covenants

o Blockbusting

o Racial steering

o The Fair Housing Act

o "White flight"

Restrictive Covenants: language in the deed of a house that prevents the house from being sold to a particular type of person

Blockbusting: developers going in, knocking on doors and telling people that lower income people are moving there, then flipping the homes at higher prices

Racial Steering: steering people away from neighborhoods

The Fair Housing Act: protects people from discrimination when they are renting, buying, or securing financing for any housing. The prohibitions specifically cover discrimination because of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, disability and the presence of children

"White Flight": the move of white city-dwellers to the suburbs to escape the influx of minorities.

How did the racial geography of Detroit's population shift over the course of the 20th century?

more blacks moved in as a result of movement to the North, however the city was still racially divided as a result of segregation

What does Detroit's racial geography look like now?

heavily black within the city and heavily white in the outer areas

What is 8 Mile Road in Detroit? Why is it significant?

- highway and northern border for city of Detroit

- since the mid-20th century it has served as a physical and cultural dividing line between the wealthier, predominantly white northern suburbs of Detroit and the poorer, predominantly black city

What is the Rust Belt? Where is it located?

the old manufacturing core of the United States; no longer have good economies

- parts of the northeastern and midwestern US that are characterized by declining industry, aging factories, and a falling population. Steel-producing cities in Pennsylvania and Ohio are at its center.

" What are the "Big 3" automobile companies in the US, and why are they significant to Detroit?

General Motors

Ford

Fiat Chrysler

How has manufacturing employment changed in the US since 2000? In Michigan?

"Fordism Manufacturing" - assembly lines; idea that you have many workers who each deal with specific car parts

Allows for mass production; key aspect and innovation of Detroit's auto industry

What is the Packard Automobile Plant in Detroit? What does it represent to Detroit residents?

- Failed American Dream

- Remanence of a past life that was entirely different

- Life will never be the same for Detroit

- No one thought it would last longer

- Art and beautiful to some, others want it demolished

- Public safety threat

- Represents the future: nothing. Need it turned into something

- Poor Packard

In what ways does Detroit represent the "Great Divergence" discussed earlier this semester in the context of the Bay Area?

The wall and the separation caused with 8 Mile can be compared to the great divergence because the great divergence was a divide between metropolitan areas and this is a clear example of that

What is "urban blight?" How does this manifest itself in the context of Detroit?

the process by which a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude; fall of automobile companies

How is Detroit's population growing or declining today in different parts of the city?

Detroit's Population has severely declined over time

What are the largest metropolitan areas in Canada? How does this compare to the United States?

Toronto, then Montreal

Where is the Vancouver area? Why is it significant?

Cascadia: a cultural area that stretches from southern British Columbia down through Eugene, OR

- Extraordinarily expensive

- Significant shipping routes

- Technology companies

What is the immigrant composition of the US? Of Canada?

Nearly 46 million immigrants live in the United States - about 1 in every 5 immigrants worldwide

In 2013, the U.S. was around 14% foreign-born; Canada, 21%

What countries send the most immigrants to Canada? How has this changed over time?

Philippines, India, China, Iran

- more from Mexico now as well

- Both Toronto and Vancouver are set to become 'majority-minority' cities

by 2031

- Vancouver's ethnic Chinese population to double to 800,000 by 2031

Explain, in the context of migration:

o Push factors

o Pull factors

o Transnationalism

o Migration networks

o Chain migration

Push & Pull Factors

- Push

- War/conflict

- Economics

- "Flight"

- Change

- Government

- Pull

- Jobs

- Safety

- Family

Transnationalism: living in two places at once

- Remittances: money that migrants send back home

- Migration Networks & Chain Migration

How are Canada's cities changing due to immigration?

Both Toronto and Vancouver are set to become majority-minority cities by 2031

What is an immigrant enclave? What functions do enclaves provide? Why do immigrants settle in enclaves?

Pockets of neighborhoods that have high percentage of one race (ex: 85% Chinese)

How is the ethnic Chinese population distributed around the Vancouver area?

- Many came to get wealthy

- Nice area

- In china, owning property is not allowed (only 70 years)

What is a "Chinatown?" What does it represent?

ethnic enclave of Chinese or Han people located outside mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan, most often in an urban setting

" What is an "ethnoburb?" What does it represent?

a suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population

" How does a "Chinatown" differ from an "ethnoburb?"

A chinatown is usually urban setting while an ethnoburb is usually suburban

In what ways has Chinese immigration been controversial in the Vancouver area? Why is this the case?

- People feel resentful of the wealthy immigrants coming and affording the nice homes they cannot afford

- People cannot read the Chinese signs, so they have changed the rules to have at least 50% English on signs

Where is the Montreal metropolitan area? Why is it significant?

Most populated Metropolitan area in Quebec; 1,644.14 sq mi; with a population of 4,027,100

In what ways is religion significant to the organization of cities? Can you give an example?

communities may be built around an originally built church; churches and other religious organizations may do community outreach and therefore draw in more impoverished members of cities to their locations, lowering the perceived economic value of the area; Some of Fort Worth's Missions draw in many homeless and therefore lowers the perceived quality of the areas

What is the linguistic geography of Canada? How are different language-speakers distributed around the country?

official languages are English and French

How does the geography of French and English speakers differ in Montreal?

French are more Northeast and English are more central and Southwest

What is Quebec's Official Language Act?

an act of the National Assembly of Quebec, commissioned by Premier Robert Bourassa, which made French the sole official language of Quebec, Canada.

What are the Parti Québécois and Bloc Québécois? Why are they significant for Quebec?

PQ: a sovereignist provincial political party in Quebec in Canada. The PQ advocates national sovereignty for Quebec involving independence of the province of Quebec from Canada and establishing a sovereign state.

BQ: a federal political party in Canada devoted to Quebec nationalism and the promotion of Quebec sovereignty. The Bloc was formed by Members of Parliament who defected from the federal Progressive Conservative Party and Liberal Party during the collapse of the Meech Lake Accord.

In what ways is French significant to the identity of Quebec residents? Why is this the case?

It is their culture and therefore important for their livelihood (?)

In what ways is language a controversial topic in Montreal/Quebec? Why is this the case?

because it affects the primary means of communication in government and schools (?)

Where is the Mexico City metropolitan area? What does it encompass?

o Crowded city, 25 million, 1 in 5 Mexicans live there

o Cartogram: distorts features on a map in ways other than the physical area

o Political Center, Economic Center, Cultural Center

In what ways is Mexico City significant to Mexico?

one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the Americas.

How is Mexico City historically significant?

During the colonial period (1535-1821), Mexico City was one of the most important cities in the Americas. ... The Catholic Church had great influence in the city, and religious orders like the Franciscans, Marists and Jesuits established convents and missions throughout Mexico.

How would you explain the Latin American city model?

- A generalized model of Latin American city structure

- Central Business District

- Wealthier areas near core of city

How does the Latin American city model compare to North American city models?

The wealthier areas in North American city models are not usually near the core of the city but on the outskirts, apart from Central Business District

How have the world's urban and rural populations shifted over time? How has this played out in Latin America?

Massive rural-to-urban migration in much of the global south

What is a megacity?

Urban agglomerations of 10 million people or more

Why have megacities grown?

- Opportunities

- Manual - professional

- Change in farming

What are the megacities in Latin America? How have they grown over time?

Mexico City, Sao Paolo, Lima, Buenos Aires, Bogata

Why would people leave rural areas for cities? Why, in particular, might they do this in Latin America?

- Opportunities

- Manual - professional

- Change in farming

Be prepared to explain the following sectors of the economy:

o Primary sector

o Secondary sector

o Tertiary sector

o Quaternary sector

- Primary Sector: agriculture

- Secondary Sector: manufacturing

- Tertiary Sector: service sector; providing services to others

- Quaternary Sector: working with new technology; software

How has manufacturing output changed in Mexico in the past three decades?

It has increased drastically due to NAFTA

How has sector employment changed in Mexico since 1990?

- Service Sector has drastically increased

- Industry Sector has fairly steadily increased

- Agriculture Sector has decreased and then remained stagnant

What is NAFTA?

North American Free Trade Agreement

Why was NAFTA enacted? What does it do?

eliminate tariffs between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada

What impacts has NAFTA had on the Mexican economy?

improved

What impacts has NAFTA had on population shifts within Mexico and beyond?

o Leapfrog Development: development that doesn't necessarily happen adjacent to urban areas but develops past rural areas and develops there

o Squatter Settlements: go somewhere and build a structure where you can live with the materials you have; significant issue because

How, and where, has Mexico City's urban area expanded over time?

South

Where have many rural migrants settled in the Mexico City area? What do these settlements look like?

informal settlements outside of the city; low income

What is the Santa Fe region of Mexico City, and why is it significant?

one of Mexico City's major business districts, located in the west part of the city in the delegaciones of Cuajimalpa and Álvaro Obregón.

What are informal settlements? What are their characteristics?

• Informal settlements: places where people live that exist outside regulated areas

  • Slums: a household that lacks one or more of the following:

    • Improved water sources (clean water)

    • Improved sanitation facilities (plumbing/sewer system)

    • Sufficient living area (too many people, not enough space)

    • Housing durability (making sure homes are inspected, withstand environmental factors)

    • Security of tenure (a lease, a contract, protects you)

What is the UN definition of a slum?

households lacking one or more of the following:

- Access to improved water source

- Access to improved sanitation facilities

- Sufficient living area

- Housing durability

What is the informal economy? What types of jobs are in the informal economy?

exists outside of the parameters of formal regulation

What proportion of Mexico's workforce is in the informal economy? How does this vary by state?

• 60% of the nation work in informal economic jobs

• Up to 80% in some states

•  40% in Nuevo Leon

Why do Mexico City residents turn to informal work? What types of jobs do they do? Where do they do these jobs?

- Loss of job; can make up to 1/3 more than in factories at previous jobs

- Selling anything can still make more money

- Have to bring money home to families

- Homeopathic medicine

- Sell food, trinkets, anything they can find or make to sell

- Sell CDs, jokes, and music

What is Mexico City's Plan Verde, and what does it represent?

Bike rentals to clean up heavy car polluted areas

What is Ciudad Neza in the Mexico City area, and what does it represent?

"slum to success story"

- developed on top of the swampy remains of Lake Texoco by dubious subdividers after World War II. Thanks to some of its earliest residents, "Neza" has become a thriving hub of culture and commerce with running water and paved roads just outside Mexico's capital.

Where is Rio de Janeiro? Why is it significant?

Brazil, on the water

What is the historical significance of Rio de Janeiro?

Ipanema beach ranked most beautiful in world

What role does tourism play in Rio de Janeiro's economy? What are some of its popular tourist attractions?

Ipanema beach ranked most beautiful in world

o Carnival - week-long festival that takes place prior to Lent

What were the financial costs of the 2014 World Cup? What is Manaus, and how were these costs exemplified there?

- $550 million of wasted space

- Amazon river city (?)

What were the financial costs of the 2016 Rio Olympics?

- Billions of dollars of Olympic venues

- Unused venues

- Nation already in debt with increased unemployment

What are some costs and benefits of hosting mega-events?

Benefits:

- More tourists

- More money brought in

- Improvement of the economy (at least temporarily)

- Infrastructure

- Jobs

- Express culture

Costs

- Putting money into infrastructure that probably won't be used long-term

- Temporarily improving the economy but not long-term

- Temporary Inflation

- Threats of attacks - terrorist groups, people in the area, etc.

How did these costs and benefits play out in the context of the 2016 Rio Olympics?

Wasted $ on infrastructure and temporary inflation

What investments did Rio de Janeiro make in the city's infrastructure with regards to the 2016 Olympics? How did these investments impact different communities within the city?

- Billions of dollars of Olympic venues

- communities were not supported compared to the $ needed to create the Olympic venues;

How do contemporary race relations within Brazil reflect the country's history?

???

What is the racial geography of Rio de Janeiro?

Wealthier are closer to the city

How does this racial geography intersect with class in Rio?

the poorer families as well as native Brazilians are in the lower class and the upper class is more representative of first world country lifestyles