ap music theory review

6

first inversion triad

64

second inversion triad

7

root position seventh chord

o7

fully diminished seventh chord

65

first inversion seventh chord

43

second inversion seventh chord

42

third inversion seventh chord

perfect authentic cadence

soprano moves step wise to do

conclusive cadence

marks the end of sections or movements

deceptive cadence

chord does not resolve to tonic

half cadence

unresolved harmonic tension

phrygian half cadence

occurs in minor keys, bass line moves down half step from subdom to dom chord

plagal cadence

typically moves from subdominant (IV) to the tonic (I)

anticipation

non chord that precedes the next chords arrival

appoggiatura

approached by leap and resolved by step, typically on a strong beat

ornamental resolution

resolution with non harmonic tones

pedal point

a sustained note, usually in the bass, while other notes change around it

close position

no more than an octave between soprano and bass

open position

more than an octave between soprano and bass

contrary motion

music lines move in opposite directions

cross relation

a note and its chromatic alteration appear simultaneously or in close succession in different voices (F and F sharp)

direct fifths or octaves

soprano and bass voices move in the same direction to a perfect 5th or octave and the soprano voice leaps

oblique motion

a type of voice leading where one voice remains stationary while the other moves up or down

parallel motion

two or more voices move in the same direction by the same interval

similar motion

two or more voices move in the same direction but by different intervals

tendency tone

a note that has a strong inclination to move or resolve to another note, often due to the tension it creates

voice exchange

refers to the simultaneous movement of notes between two or more notes in the same musical passage

chromatic

the use of notes outside of the prevailing diatonic scale (major or minor)

common practice style

a period in Western classical music (1600 - 1900) characterized by a common set of harmonic, tonal, and structural conventions

consonance

combination of two or more tones that sound harmonious

diatonic

refers to notes and chords derived from a specific major or minor scale

dissonance

combinations of tones that sound unpleasant

flatted fifth

interval that is half step lower than a perfect fifth

lead sheet

simplified notation system used in jazz and pop music

picardy 3rd

ending a minor piece of music with a major tonic chord

compound interval

interval larger than an octave

tritone

musical interval composed of six semitones or three whole steps

anacrusis

pickup; upbeat

asymmetrical meter

time signatures where beats are not divided evenly between measures

augmentation

lengthening the duration of notes or widening intervals between notes

hemiola

two groups of two beats are superimposed on three beats creating a temporary shift in perceived meter

irregular meter

time signatures where beats don’t divide evenly between beats of 2 and 3

polyrhythm

simultaneous use of 2 or more rhythms that are not easily percieved as being derived from one another

syncopation

accents are placed on the off beats

tonic

1

supertonic

2

mediant

3

subdominant

4

dominant

5

submediant

6

leading tone

7

modality

musical scales that are variations of the major and minor scales

parallel key, major or minor

major and minor keys that share the same tonic (root note)

pentatonic

five note musical scale

relative key, major or minor

major and minor keys that share the same key signature

tetrachord

four note musical scale or fragment

melismatic

one syllable of text for multiple notes

syllabic

each syllable has a musical note

alberti bass

bass note arpeggiates

contrapuntal/counterpoint

two or more independent melodic lines are combined

fugal imitation

melodic theme is repeated in different voices, often with slight variations or at different key placements

heterophony

multiple voices play variations of the same melody at the same time

homophony

one prominent melody supported by one or more additional lines that create harmonic accompianment

monophony

one melody with not accompaniment

obbligato

a part that is essential and cannot be omitted from a performance

ostinato

short, repeating pattern

polyphony

two or more independent melodies are played at the same time

tessitura

range or texture of pitches within a vocal part or melody

walking bass

bass provides steady, rhythmic and melodic foundation

homorhythmic

all musical parts share the same rhythm

timbre

quality of sound that distinguishes it from others

cross rhythm

two rhythmic patterns are layered at the same time creating conflict

agogic accent

emphasis on a note through longer duration rather than louder dynamic