4a prokaryotes

flagella components

filament, hook, basal body

filament

flagellin protein, forms helix

hook

connects filament and basal body

basal body

anchors to cell wall & plasma memb

flagella purpose

motility, long structures that extend past surface, from flagellin

monotrichous

flag one end

lophotrichous

flag clusters

amphitrichous

flag 2 ends

peritrichous

flag all around

chemotaxis & env sensors

drives flag. mvmt

run

flag ccw, to avoid

tumble

flag cw, target

axial filament

long soft body that can be any shape. filament corkscrews while surrounding interior spirochete. stay inside cell/

fimbriae

short, numerous. sticky bristles. all over cell or at ends. helps bacteria stick (biofilm) to others, host, surface

pili

pilin tubules, 1-2 per cell, helps with conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

glycocalyces

sticky gelatin surrounding cell. made of polysach/polypep

glycocalyce capsule

repeating organic units, firm attachment to cell surface, protects from drying out, can prevent bacteria from being recog then destroyed

glycocalyce slime

loose attachment to cell surface, water soluble, protects drying out, sticky → stick to surface

cell wall purpose

protect cell from osmotic forces (→ rupture), protects fragile membrane, attaches to other cells, can avoid antimicrobial drugs; bc animal cells lack a wall, if there’s bacteria it can targeted instead

bacterial cell wall

peptidoglycan wall made of sugars, NAG, NAM

archaeal cell wall

no peptidoglycan wall, made of specialized polysach and proteins

gram neg peptidoglycan

tetrapeptide side chain + cov bond btwn NAM 4th aa and NAM 3rd aa

gram pos peptidoglycan

tetrapeptide side chain + peptide interbridge btwn NAM’s 4th aa & NAM’s 3rd aa

gram neg membranes

inner thin peptidoglycan layer. outer - lipopolysacch, lipoproteins, phospholipids. has a periplasm garage btwn inner & outer memb

lipopolysacch components

lipid a (endotoxin), core polysachh, o antigen

lipid a (endotoxin)

toxins achored in memb

o antigen

gram neg dominant antigen, immune response

gram pos memb

thick peptidoglycan wall, lipoteichoic acid, teichoic acid, small periplasm btwn memb and wall, only plasma memb.

lipoteichoic acid

connects wall to memb

teichoic acid

only in wall

nonmemb organelles

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, nucleoid, inlcusions

ribosomes

made of rRNA + proteins

70s

30s + 50s

nucleoid

have 1 circular chrom (haploid), can have plasmids

plasmid

extrachromosomal DNA piece - small circular minichrom, can be transferred

cytoplasm structure

fluid mosaic of phospholipid bilayer. half is made of proteins (integral, peripheral, glyco)

cytoplasm function

atp storage, where photosynthetics gather energy, selective perm, keep concen & electric gradient

electric gradient

voltage diff across membrane creates current (flow of ions)

cytoplasm parts

cytosol, inclusions (chem/nutrient deposits), endospores

endospore

unique bacterial structures that defend from unfav conditions

inclusions

polyhdryoxybutyrate, volutin, magnetosomes

volutin

phos storage

polyhydroxybutyrate

plastic-like, carbon storage

mangetosomes

magnetic iron crystals