AP Bio Unit 1

Polar Molecule

A molecule where opposite ends have opposite charges (has a positive and a negative side)

Hydrogen Bonds

Mild bonds formed from the attraction between positive and negative sides of two atoms

Polar Bond

A bond with positive and negative sides due to unequal sharing of electrons. This happens because the bigger atom attracts electrons more strongly than the smaller atom.

Covalent Bond

Where two atoms share some electrons to complete both of their shells

Two polar covalent bonds

What kinds of bonds does water have?

high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, evaporative cooling, cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

6 properties of water…

Specific heat

The amount of energy it takes to heat a substance

Heat of vaporization

The amount of heat required to change a substance’s phase to a gas

Evaporative cooling

A quality of a substance that takes the heat of whatever it’s resting on when it evaporates into a gas, cooling that surface. (ex: sweating)

Homeostasis

How a body keeps the correct balance of factors within itself. (temperature regulation, sodium regulation, etc..)

Cohesion

When a substance sticks to itself.

Adhesion

When a substance sticks to another thing.

Surface Tension

Caused by cohesion, this is when a substance sticks to itself so tightly that its surface can withstand some pressure without breaking (ex: water)

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Homogeneous

A mixture with particles that are perfectly evenly distributed.

Solvent

A substance that dissolves another substance, part of a solution

Solute

A substance that dissolves into another substance, part of a solution

H+

Hydrogen ion

OH-

Hydroxide ion

Taxis

An organism responds directly to a stimuli by moving towards or away from it.

Kinesis

An organism moves around quickly when unhappy, and slowly when happy.

4

Carbon makes _ bond(s).

3

Nitrogen makes _ bond(s).

2

Oxygen makes _ bond(s).

1

Hydrogen makes _ bond(s).

Functional group

Specific groups of atoms found within larger organic molecules.

Hydroxyl

-OH or HO-

Carbonyl

>C=O

Carboxyl

Amino

-N<HH

Sulfhydryl

-SH or HS-

Phosphate

Methyl

R

Placeholder for any group of atoms connected to whatever you’re looking at

macromolecules

The building blocks of cells, made up of functional groups.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4 kinds of macromolecules

monomer

1 unit within a long repeating molecule

polymer

A long repeating molecule, a chain of units.

Dehydration Synthesis

The process by which polymers add more monomers to their chain. A polymer always has a hydrogen at the end, and a hydroxyl at the beginning. This is the same for a monomer. In this process, the H and the HO break off and combine to create a lone h2o, allowing the monomer to join the polymer.

Hydrolysis

The process by which the body breaks down large polymers into individual monomers (ex: digestion). This is the opposite of dehydration synthesis, and requires a lone H2O to replace the empty bonds created by the separation of a monomer from a polymer. The H2O breaks into H and HO to go on either end of the newly raw bonds.

Lys

to break

Sugars

Carbohydrates are also known as…

Quick short term energy

Function of carbs

Monosaccharides

Monomer of carbs

Sugar

Saccharide means…

Glucose, ribose, fructose

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose + Fructose

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of…

Glycosodic linkage

A carbohydrate bond

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrate polymer

highly

Glycogen is ___ branched

Minimally

Starch is ____ branched

Cellulose

Polysaccharide fiber

Fats

Lipids are also known as…

phobic

All lipids are hydro_____

Long term energy storage

Function of lipids

Glycerol

A lipid monomer that is a chain of three carbons surrounded by 5 hydrogen and 3 hydroxyl.

Fatty acid

A lipid monomer that is a chain of CH2, often goes in a zigzag shape

Ester linkage

Bonding of lipids

R-C(=O)-O-R’

Ester linkage formula

Triglycerol

A lipid polymer that is glycerol linked by 3 ester linkages to 3 fatty acid chains.

Steroids

A lipid polymer known for stimulating growth

Cholesterol

A lipid polymer that provides stability to cell membranes

Phospholipid

A lipid polymer that consists of a phosphate head and 2 fatty acid tails.

double bonded carbons

An unsaturated fatty acid contains 1 or more ____

Kink

When there is a double bond in a fatty acid, it causes the chain to ____

phillic

The phosphate/glycerol head of a phospholipid is hydro______.

phobic

The fatty acid tail of a phospholipid is hydro______.

less (hence unsaturated)

A double bond leads to more or less hydrogen atoms within a fatty acid chain?

phospholipid

The plasma membrane is made up of _____s. it has 2 layers of them, making it the _____ bilayer.

Store genetic code

Function of nucleic acids

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acid

a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

A nucleotide is made up of…

H

what is bonded to C2’ of deoxyribose?

OH

what is bonded to C2’ of ribose?

Purine structure

Hexagon ring fused with pentagon ring

Pyrimidine structure

Hexagon ring

C U T

Pyrimidine acronym

doers/jack of all trades

Proteins are the ____

Amino acids

Protein monomer

Poly/di peptide

Protein polymer

peptide bond

Protein bond

20

How many amino acids are there?

unique arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide

The primary protein structure is the…

Alpha helix

Secondary subunit of protein structure that is a coil

beta pleated sheet

Secondary subunit of protein structure that is a zigzag

Tertiary protein structure

A long chain of alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets all bonded and clumped together

4

Quaternary protein structure groups together how many tertiary protein structures?

Hemoglobin

Example of a Quaternary protein structure