ap hug all terms

Distance Decay

a principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have

Physical Geography

the study of natural processes and the distribution of features in the environment, such as landforms, plants, animals, soil, and climate

Human Geography

the study of the processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter the Earth

Spatial Perspective Taking

geographic perspective that focuses on how people live on Earth, how they organize themselves, and why the events of human societies occur where they do

Ecological Perspective

the relationships between living things and their environments.

Location

the position that a point or object occupies on Earth

Absolute Location

the position that a point or object occupies on Earth, the exact location of an object, usually expressed in coordinates of longitude and latitude

Relative Location (Situation)

a description of where a place is in relation to other places or features.

Place

a location on Earth that is distinguished by the physical and human characteristics.

Site

a place's absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics, such as the landforms, climate, and resources.

Situation

location of a place in relation to other places or its surrounding features.

Space

the area between two or more things

Distributed

to arrange within a given space

Density

the number of things, people, animals, or objects in a specific area

Pattern

how things are arranged in a particular space

Flow

movement of people, goods, or information that has economic, social, political, or cultural effects on societies.

Environmental Determinism

the idea that human behavior is strongly affected, controlled, or determined by the physical environment

Possibilism

theory of human-environment interaction that states that humans have the ability to adapt the physical environment to their needs

Time-space compression

a concept that describes the ways in which modern transportation and communication technology have allowed humans to travel and communicate over long distances quicker and easier.

Sustainability

the use of Earth's land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will continue to be available in the future.

Scale

the area of the world being studied

Region

an area of Earth's surface with certain characteristics that make it distinct yet cohesive from other areas.

Formal Region

an area that has one or more shared traits; also called a uniform region

Functional Region

an area organized by its function around a focal point or the center of an interest or activity.

Node

the focal point of a functional region

Perceptual Region

a type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a vernacular region.

Globalization

the expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale

World System Theory

theory describing the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy; categorizes countries as part of a hierarchy consisting of the core, periphery, and semi-periphery

Core Country

classification of a country or region that has wealth, higher education levels, more advanced technologies, many resources, strong militaries, and powerful allies

Periphery Country

classification of a country or region that has less wealth, lower education levels, and less sophisticated technologies and also tends to have an unstable government and poor health systems

Semi-perihery Country

classification of a country or region that has qualities of both core and peripheral areas and is often in the process of industrializing

Sustainable Development

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Quantitative Data

involving data that can be measured by numbers. Numerical context.

Qualitative Data

involving data that is descriptive of a research subject and is often based on people's opinions.

Census

an official count of the number of people in a defined area, such as a state

Geographic Information Systems

a computer system that allows for the collection, organization, and display of geographic data for analysis

Topography

the representation of earth's surface to show natural and man:made features, especially their relative positions and elevations.

Remote Sensing

a method of collecting or analyzing data from a location without making physical contact.

Global Positioning System

a network of satellites that orbit Earth and transmit location data to receivers, enabling users to pinpoint their exact location.

Cartographers

a person who creates maps

Absolute Distance

distance that can be measured using a standard unit of length

Relative Distance

distance determined in relation to other places or objects

Absolute Direction

the cardinal directions north, south, east, and west.

Relative Direction

direction based on a person's perception, such as left, right, up, or down

Map Scale

the relationship of the size of the map to the size of the area it represents on Earth's surface

Large-Scale Map

The most detailed maps

Medium-Scale Map

Shows less details than large-scale maps, usually covers more land area

Small-Scale Map

Covers the largest amount of area, shows the least amount of details

Robinson Projection

Curved lines of longitude and straight lines of latitude, which means directions are true only along the parallels and the central meridian.

Mercator Projection

the continent's shapes are maintained and direction is displayed accurately.

Gall-Peters Projection

the relative size of the continents is more easily displayed.

Azimuthal Projection

a flattened disk-shaped portion of Earth is shown from a specific point

Reference maps

a map that focuses on the location of places

Thematic maps

any map that focuses on one or more variables to show a relationship between geographic data

Isoline Map

lines connect data points of the same value and are used to show particular characteristics of an area

Graduated Symbols Map

different sized symbols are used to indicate quantitative data, bigger circles or icons represent larger numerical values of a particular attribute.

Cartogram

a thematic map that uses colors or shades that represent categories of data, they are useful for communicating quantitative data such as demographics

Dot map

Dots are used to show locations of specific observations or events. They are useful for showing stats about crimes, births or car accidents.

Choropleth Map

This thematic map uses colors or shading to represent categories of data for predetermined geographic areas such as census tracts, counties, states, provinces, or countries.

Population Distribution

where people live in a geographic area

Dispersed

spread out

Climate

the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area

Temperate Climates

a climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts

Landforms

the natural features of Earth's surface

Human Migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

Population Density

the number of people occupying a unit of land

Arithmetic Density

the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

Physiological Density

the total number of people per unit of arable land

Arable Land

land that can be used to grow crops

Agricultural Density

the total number of farmers per unit of arable land

Subsistence Agriculture

an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock for only the farmers' families and close community.

Carrying Capacity

the maximum population size an environment can sustain

Dependency Ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (age 15 to 64), multiplied by 100

Sex Ratio

the proportion of males to females in a population

Demographics

data about the structures and characteristics of human populations

Fertility

the ability to produce children

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of births in a given year per 1000 people in a given population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of children one woman in a given region will have during her child-bearing years (ages 15-49)

Mortality

deaths as a component of population range

Crude Death Rate

the number of deaths in a given years per 1000 people in a given population

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births

Life Expectancy

the average number of years a person is expected to live

Population Pyramids

a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the CBR and the CDR

Doubling Time (DT)

the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double.

Urbanization

urban growth and development

Overpopulation

the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life

Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

Malthus's theory is based on the premise that exponential population growth will outpace the increase in resources including food supply.

Neo-Malthusian

describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's population, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death.

Antinatalist

describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth

Pronatalist

describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth

Land Degradation

long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life.

Mobility

all types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances

Circulation

temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis

Human Migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

Emigration

movement away from a location

Immigration

movement to a location

Net Migration

the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country