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40 Terms
1
Regionalism
The division of a country into regions with significant autonomy and local governance, often leading to decentralized authority.
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2
Red Army
The military force of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) before 1949, later reorganized into the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.
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3
Mandate of Heaven
A political and religious doctrine in ancient China that justified the rule of emperors based on divine approval.
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4
Chiang Kai-shek
The leader of the Nationalist Party (GMD) who led China during the Chinese Civil War and later retreated to Taiwan after the Communist victory in 1949.
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5
Warlord Era
A period from 1916 to 1928 when China was divided among military commanders who ruled different regions with their own armies.
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6
Dialectician
A person who studies dialectics, a method of reasoning based on contradictions and their resolution, often associated with Marxist theory.
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7
Qing Dynasty
The last imperial dynasty of China (1644–1912) that was ruled by the Manchu ethnic group.
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8
Nationalists
The Guomindang (GMD), a Chinese political party founded by Sun Yat-sen, opposing the Communists in the Chinese Civil War.
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9
Three Principles of the People
Sun Yat-sen’s ideology emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood as the foundation for modern China.
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10
First United Front
A temporary alliance (1924-1927) between the Nationalists and Communists to fight warlords and unify China.
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11
Second United Front
A temporary alliance (1937-1945) between the Nationalists and Communists to resist the Japanese invasion during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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12
White Terror
A violent suppression of Communists by the Nationalists in 1927, leading to mass executions and arrests.
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13
Twenty-eight Bolsheviks
A group of Chinese Communist leaders trained in the Soviet Union who initially dominated the CCP but were later sidelined by Mao Zedong.
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14
Second Sino-Japanese War
A conflict between China and Japan (1937–1945) that became part of World War II, resulting in millions of Chinese casualties.
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15
Xi’an Incident
The 1936 event where Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped by his own generals and forced to ally with the Communists against Japan.
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16
Long March
The strategic retreat of the Red Army (1934-1935) to escape Nationalist forces, solidifying Mao Zedong’s leadership.
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17
Trial of Wang Shiwei
A political trial in the 1940s where the CCP persecuted intellectual Wang Shiwei for criticizing Mao’s leadership.
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18
Guerrilla warfare
A form of irregular warfare using hit-and-run tactics and small, mobile units.
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19
Comintern
The Communist International, an organization established by the Soviet Union to promote global communist revolution.
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20
Rectification of Conduct Campaign
A 1942 CCP campaign to enforce ideological conformity and purge opposition within the party.
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21
Speak Bitterness Campaign
A movement where peasants were encouraged to publicly denounce landlords and express grievances as part of land reform.
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22
Agrarian Reform
The CCP’s policy of redistributing land from landlords to peasants to gain rural support.
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23
Pearl Harbor
The 1941 Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii, leading to America’s entry into World War II.
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24
Sun Yat-sen
The founder of the Republic of China and the Nationalist Party, advocating democratic reforms.
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25
Reunification Campaigns
Military campaigns by the CCP to consolidate control over regions like Tibet and Xinjiang after 1949.
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26
Registration
A system used by the CCP to monitor citizens and control social organization.
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27
Chinese Civil War
The conflict between the CCP and GMD (1927–1949) over control of China, ending in a Communist victory.
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28
Korean War
A war (1950–1953) between North and South Korea, with China supporting North Korea against U.S.-led UN forces.
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29
Marriage Reform
The CCP’s policies to promote gender equality by banning arranged marriages and granting women divorce rights.
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30
Central People’s Government Council
The governing body of the People’s Republic of China established in 1949.
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31
Politburo
The highest decision-making body of the Chinese Communist Party.
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32
Tibet
A region in China with a distinct cultural and political identity, forcibly integrated into the PRC in 1950.
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33
Three Antis Campaign/Five Antis Campaign
Political campaigns targeting corruption and capitalist influences in China.
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34
Democratic Centralism
A Leninist principle where political decisions are made centrally and enforced without opposition.
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35
Labeling
The classification of individuals based on their political and social backgrounds, often leading to persecution.
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36
Yanan Soviet
The CCP’s base during the 1930s and 1940s, where Mao developed his leadership.
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37
Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950
A treaty between China and the Soviet Union establishing economic and military cooperation.
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38
Taiwan
The island where the Nationalists fled in 1949 and established a separate government.
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39
Sinification of Marxism
The adaptation of Marxist theory to Chinese conditions.
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40
Trading Space to Buy Time
A military strategy of retreating to preserve forces for a later counterattack.
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