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Deoxyribonucleic acid
what does DNA stand for?
stable, genetic, replication
DNA:
A ____ molecule that must maintain a precise chemical structure
Codes for ____ information
Capable of ______ (producing exact copy of itself)
Ribonucleic acid
what does RNA stand for?
genetic, DNA
RNA: facilitates expression of ______ information found in ______
polymers, nucleotide, pentose, phosphate, nitrogenous
Nucleic acid structure:
They are ____ of the ______ monomer
Composed of 3 components:
A _____ sugar
_________ group. Abbreviated with (P)
One of 2 types of organic __________ bases
deoxyribose, ribose, 2
Phosphate group:
In DNA - ______
In RNA - ______
Difference found at Carbon #__
purines
_____: consists of 2 fused rings
Adenine and Guanine
Name of Purines
pyrimidines
_____: Consist of 1 ring
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
Name of pyrimidines
A,G,C,T
what nitrogenous bases are found in DNA
A,G,C,U
what nitrogenous bases are found in RNA
condensation, H2O
3 components of nucleic acid are joined by _______ reactions where ____ is released
sugar, 5, 5’, 1
Nucleic acid:
The _____ is in the middle with the phosphate group attached on the ____ carbon (known as _____ or five prime) and the nitrogenous base attached at the carbon #__
polynucleotide, condensation, phosphate, 3, 3’, sugars, phosphates, nitrogenous base
Each 3 component nucleotide may combine with other 3 component nucleotides to form a _______ in a _______ reaction. The _____ in one nucleotide attaches to the ____ carbon (known as the _____ or three prime).
Result is alternating ____ and _____ to make a chain. The ____ _____ is not involved in the polymerization
2, double helix, 2, antiparallel, hydrogen
In DNA, ____ polynucleotide chains are coiled around the same axis making a ___________. The ____ strands go in opposite directions (________) and are held together by ______ bonding.
A and T
Which pair is paired with 2 hydrogen bonds?
C and G
Which pair is paired with 3 hydrogen bonds?
twisted ladder, backbone, rungs
another name for DNA structure? _____
Sugar phosphate is the _______ and the base pairs as ____ in the ladder
fragments, positive, negative, positively, basic, histones
______ of DNA migrate towards ____ electrode in electrophoresis. Therefore, they carry _____ charge. As a result, DNA is found complexed with _____ (containing many _____ groups) charged proteins called _____
ribose, deoxyribose, uracil, thymine, single, nuclear, short
RNA:
contains ____ instead of _______
contains ____ as nitrogenous base instead of _______
______-stranded
Able to cross ___ membrane
_____-lived
protein synthesis, 4, 20
How is the genetic information encoded in DNA expressed in? ________
Sequence of ____ nitrogenous bases in DNA dictates the sequence and type of the ____ different amino acids found in protein.
transcription
Name of the first step of creating a protein
hydrogen, unzipping
Transcription:
The two antiparallel strands of DNA separate by the breaking of the ________ bonds between them in a process known as ________
template, single, detaches, double helix
Transcription:
Each unzipped strand may serve as a ____ for the formation of a ____ strand of RNA. RNA _____ from DNA and leaves nucleus. The DNA reforms original ___________
ribosome, translation
RNA migrates to the _________ where the sequence of bases in the RNA determines the amino acid sequence in a protein. Known as _________
Codon
Name of the sequence of 3 bases on the RNA that code for a different amino acid?
DNA, RNA, protein
Central Dogma: Genetic information flows in one direction from ___ to _____ to _______
replication, semiconservative
_____: process where DNA makes an exact copy of itself during cell division so each cell ends up with identical set of DNA. This process is also _______
genetic engineering, genetically modified organism
process when DNA from one species is transferred to another species? _____ . Result is ___________ (GMO)
add beneficial gene, inactive troublesome gene, modify existing gene
3 ways genetic engineering can be done:
greater, better, disease, greater, growing
Pros with GMO foods
____ shelf life
_____ product (flavor, appearance or nutrition)
Increase _____ resistance
______ crop yields
More tolerant of tougher ____ conditions
long, ecosystems, composition, super, labelling
Issues with GMO foods
What are ______ term effects?
Changes in _______
Any risk in altering original _____ in food?
Creation of ____ species that can’t be controlled
Food _______