Resistance, Imperialism, and Conflict in Modern History

Declaration of Independence

U.S. document asserting colonial freedom from Britain.

Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen

French doc affirming equality and freedoms.

Declaration of Rights of Woman

Feminist response advocating gender equality.

Mexican Independence Movement

Revolt from Spanish colonial rule (1810-1821).

Mexican Revolution

Overthrow of dictator Porfirio Díaz; land reform led by Emiliano Zapata.

Nationalism

Pride in a shared culture/history.

Patriotism

Devotion to one's country.

Unification of Italy

Led by Cavour (diplomacy) and Garibaldi (military).

Unification of Germany

Orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck through war and alliances.

Industrial Revolution

Originated in Great Britain, spread to Germany and the U.S.

Imperialism

Domination by one country over another's politics, economy, or culture.

Reasons for Imperialism

Economics, Exploration, Ethnocentrism, Religion, Politics.

Social Darwinism

Misapplication of survival of the fittest to human societies.

White Man's Burden

Poem by Kipling justifying imperialism as a duty.

Belgium in Congo

Brutal exploitation under King Leopold II.

Scramble for Africa

European powers divided Africa (British, French, German).

Menelik II

Ethiopian emperor who defeated Italians and resisted colonization.

South African War (Boer War)

Conflict between British and Dutch settlers.

Boer

Dutch settlers in South Africa.

Apartheid Movement

Racial segregation system in South Africa; ended with Nelson Mandela's leadership.

M.A.N.I.A.

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination (of Archduke Franz Ferdinand).

Total War

All of society mobilized: economy, civilians, propaganda.

U.S. joins WWI

Due to unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmermann Telegram.

Treaty of Versailles

Punished Germany, ended WWI.

Hitler's Rise

Exploited German anger, used propaganda, promised revival.

WWII Starts

Germany invades Poland (1939).

Key WWII Events

Pearl Harbor, D-Day, Holocaust, atomic bombs on Japan.

End of WWII

Europe: Germany surrenders 1945. Pacific: Japan surrenders after Hiroshima/Nagasaki.

Allied Powers (WWI)

Britain, France, Russia, U.S.

Central Powers (WWI)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination sparked WWI.

Trench Warfare

Defensive war style in WWI.

Propaganda

Info used to influence public opinion.

Adolf Hitler

Nazi dictator of Germany.

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of Spain.

Charles de Gaulle

Leader of Free French forces in WWII.

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

Brought U.S. into WWII.

Kristallnacht

Anti-Jewish pogrom in Nazi Germany.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy, turning point in Europe.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader of China.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign to remove capitalist/traditional elements.

Great Leap Forward

Failed plan to boost China's economy via communes.

Iron Curtain

Imaginary divide between communist East and democratic West Europe.

Containment

U.S. policy to prevent spread of communism.

Warsaw Pact

Soviet military alliance in Eastern Europe.