Biology midterm review

ecological organization (small to big)

Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

three types of ecological pyramids

biomass, energy, number

carbon nutrient cycle

* carbon enters the atmosphere


* carbon is absorbed by autotrophs


* animals consume plants, absorbing carbon


* animals/plants die, decompose, goes back to the atmosphere

nitrogen nutrient cycle

* nitrogen goes from the atmosphere to soil


* plants absorb nitrogen


* nitrogen is converted by bacteria into nitrites/nitrates


* soil controls the amount of nitrogen in plants and soil


* nitrogen returns to the atmosphere

nitrogen fixation

nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds by bacteria

elements of protein

C, H, N, O, S

elements of nucleic acid

C, H, O, N, P

saturated fat

don’t have double bonds between carbon atoms

unsaturated fat

has double bonds between carbon atoms

enzymes

proteins that are catalysts and produce certain reactions

enzyme process

1. substrate binds to enzyme
2. substrate is converted to products
3. products are released

3 major factors of cell theory

* all living things have cells
* cell is the basic unit of life
* all cells come from other cells

why are viruses nonliving?

they are not made of cells - all living things are made of cells

3 structures plant cells have that animals don’t

* chloroplasts
* cell wall
* central vacuole

functions of cell membrane

* protects cell as a barrier
* regulates what goes in/out of the cell
* secretions and absorptions of cell

name and define

vacuole - enclosed space within the cytoplasm, usually containing fluid

vesicle

sac formed by membrane filled with liquid that transports things in/out of the cell

name and define

lysosome - break down/digest things, repair cell membrane, protect against foreign antigens

centrioles

organize microtubules

define A

lipid bilayer

define B

phospholipids - molecule that forms cell membrane. Has a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

define E

Cholesterol - stabilizes phospholipids when temperatures are too high/low

define G

Peripheral protein - a protein loosely bound to the bilayer, not embedded in it

define F

Integral protein - a protein that is permanently attached to the membrane, and extends into the hydrophobic core

define K

carbohydrates - attached to phospholipid/protein on the surface of the membrane (aids with cell recognition)

exocytosis

when molecules exit the cell in vesicles

endocytosis

when molecules enter the cell in vesicles

cellular respiration equation

6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6Co2 + 6H2O

photosynthesis

6H2O + 6CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2

products of light dependant reactions

ATP and NADPH

products of the calvin cycle

inorganic phosphate, ADP, NADP+, and sugars

cellular respiration uses 1 glucose molecule to make ? ATP

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lytic cycle

a virus using a host cell to make more viruses until the host cell bursts, spreading the virus

lysogenic cycle

a virus’ genome is integrated into a cell’s chromosome and be replicated in the DNA as the cell reproduces

three organs of a plant

* root - carry nutrients up to the plant from soil
* stem - transport nutrients to leaves/plant
* leaves - produce food through photosynthesis

how do guard cells control the stomata

guard cells use osmotic pressure to open and close stomata to regulate water/solute levels in the plant

what do xylem and phloem transport?

food/minerals/water

what do the root and shoot systems include?

The reproductive system

how do plants reproduce asexually?

* propagating leaves/stems
* roots giving way to new plants

which parts of the plant are male or female?

* female - pistil (stigma, style, ovary)
* male - stamen (anther, filament)