AP GoPo- Presidency

Article 2

Article of the Constitution that defines the Executive Branch, it's powers, duties, and means of removal.

Federalist 70

Alexander Hamilton 1788; small states want plural executive. He thought there should be a single Executive because it would be more stable and easier for the people to keep up with. Energy and executive, duration of term, unity

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would be voted for separately, allowing 2 men to run on the same "ticket"

Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

20th Amendment

(FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms from March to January to decrease length of "lame duck" president and congress

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms or 10 years.

23rd Amendment

Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress)

25th Amendment

Presidential Succession; Vice Presidential Vacancy; Presidential Inability

Watergate

a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice by Richard Nixon as President; leads to overall decrease in America's Trust in Government

Chief Executive

Term for the President as vested with the executive power of the United States

Chief Legislator

The role of the president in influencing the making of laws.

Chief Diplomat

The President as the main architect of American foreign policy and the nation's chief spokesperson to other countries

Commander in Chief

term for the president as commander of the nation's armed forces

Head of Party

The President is head of his political party. He uses his influence to back party candidates, raise money for campaigns, and appoint party officials.

Public Approval

Presidents with high levels of _____ have an easier time influencing Congress, while those with low levels find influencing Congress more difficult.

Electoral Mandate

the perception that an election victory signals broad support for the winner's proposed policies

Imperial Presidency

President is seen as emperor taking strong actions without consulting Congress or seeking its approval

Chief of Staff

the person who oversees the operations of all White House staff and controls access to the president

FLOTUS

First Lady of the United States; Has public relations platform and generally promotes a broad initiative

Vice President

President of the Senate; Breaks ties; Formal role insignificant, can have larger role at discretion of the President

Cabinet

Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.

Pocket veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Expansion of Presidential Power

Growth of the Power of the President through expanded use of formal, informal, and inherent powers. Jackson, Lincoln, McKinley/ T.Roosevelt, Wilson and FDR are seen as presidents who most expanded the power of the office.

presidential honeymoon

The first several months of a presidency, when reporters are more forgiving than usual, Congress is more inclined to be cooperative, and the public is more receptive to new approaches.

Executive Office of the President

collection of nine organizations that help the president with policy and political objectives

Office of Management and Budget

An office that prepares the president's budget and also advises presidents on proposals from departments and agencies and helps review their proposed regulations.

National Security Council

An agency in the Executive Office of the President that advises the president on national security

War Powers Resolution

A law passed in 1973 spelling out the conditions under which the president can commit troops without congressional approval.

Crisis Manager

role of the President in which he addresses sudden needs in response to disasters.

Council of Economic Advisors

A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.

Rally point

A rise in public approval of the president that follows a crisis as Americans "rally 'round the flag" and the chief executive.

Impeachment

Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives

State of the Union address

A yearly report by the president to Congress describing the nation's condition and recommending programs and policies

Executive privilege

An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary.

Executive agreement

A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval.

Lame-duck president

president with no real power because his or her period in office will soon end

Trustee role

the concept that legislators (president) should vote on the basis of their consciences and the broad interests of the nation, not simply on the views of their constituents

Delegate role

A concept of legislative (presidential) work as simply voting the desires of one's constituents, regardless of one's own personal views

Partisan role

A concept of legislative (presidential) work as simply voting to the benefit of one's political party

Politico role

combines the trustee and instructed delegate concepts according to the issue under consideration. [Most members of Congress claim that this is the type of role they play.]

Policy agenda

the list of issues that the federal government pays attention to

Formal presidential powers

Commander-in-chief of armed forces; pardon power (except for impeachment); treaty power; appointment power; veto power

Informal presidential powers

The power to go public, power of persuasion, make executive agreements, issue executive orders, issue signing statements, create & use bureaucracy, personality and leadership, and make legislative proposals.

Executive Order

A rule issued by the president that has the force of law

Veto

Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature

Congressional override

power to pass legislation over a president's veto, 2/3 majority in both houses

Signing statements

announcements made by the president when signing bills into law, often presenting the president's interpretation of the law

Ambassadors

Official representatives to foreign governments

White House Staff

Personnel who run the White House and advise the President. Includes the Chief of Staff and Press Secretary

Advice and Consent power

the Constitution allows the Senate to approve, or not approve of, the president's nominations to federal courts, agencies, ambassadors, etc.; the Senate also ratifies treaties agreed to by the president

Bully Pulpit

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

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