Milady Nail Technology 8th edition-Chapter 3 Skin Structure, Disorders, and Diseases.

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acne papula

A pimple; a small circumscribed elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus.

adverse skin reaction

An abnormal skin condition caused by a chemical or physical irritant or a corrosive or allergy-producing substance.

albinism

Congenital leukoderma, or the absence of melanin pigment of the body, including the hair, skin, and eyes.

Allergic contact dermatitis

Skin that becomes allergic to an ingredient in a product; often caused by prolonged or repeated contact.

anhidrosis

a deficiency in perspiration, often a result of fever or certain skin diseases.

apocrine glands

Sweet glands attached to the hair follicles most abundant on scalp, underarms and genitals.

arrector pill muscles

Tiny, involuntary muscles at the base of hair follicles that cause goosebumps.

barrier function

Another name for the acid mantle, which is mixture of sebum, water, salts and minerals.

basal cell carcinoma

The most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.

basal layer

Also known as the stratum germinativum; the bottom, live layer of the epidermis, where cells divide and begin the keratinization process.

bromhidrosis

Foul-smelling perspiration, usually noticeable in the armpits or on the feet.

bulla

A large blister containing a watery fluid; similar to vesicle but larger.

callus

an acquired, superficial, thickened patch of epidermis caused by pressure or friction on the hands and feet

cellulitus

A common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection.

chlosama

A condition characterized by increased pigmentation on the skin from dark spots that are not elevated.

collagen

A fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength

comedo

A hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum. When the sebum of the comedo is exposed to the environment, it oxidizes and turns black (blackhead); when the follicle is closed and not exposed to the environment the comedo is a whit or cream color(whitehead).

contact dermatitis

An eruptive skin infection caused by touching certain substances to the skin; may be short or long term.

crust

Dead cells that form over a wound or blemish while it is healing; an accumulation of sebum and pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal material.

corium

Also known as the derma, corium or cutis the underlying or inner layer of the skin.

cyst

A closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid, semifluid, or morbid matter above or below the skin.

derma

Also known as the derma, corium or cutis the underlying or inner layer of the skin.

dermatitis

An abnormal inflammatory condition of the skin.

dermatologist

A physician engaged in the practice of treating the skin, including its structures, function, and diseases.

dermatology

The medical branch of science that deals. with the study of skin and its nature, structure, functions, diseases, and treatments.

dermis

Also known as the derma, corium or cutis the underlying or inner layer of the skin.

eccrine glands

The major sweat glands of the body and found all over our skin.

eczema

an inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic in nature that presents many forms of dry or moist lesions.

elastin

A protein similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue.

epidermis

outermost layer of skin

esthetician

specialist in the cleansing, preservation of health, and beautification of the skin and body; one who gives therapeutic facial treatments.

eumelanin

Makes pigment in the skin brownish to blackish in color.

excoriation

Skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping

fissure

A crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis, such a chapped hands or lips.

herpes simplex

A viral infection, caused by a group of herpes viruses, that may produce cold sores, genital inflammation or conjunctivitis.

histamines

Chemical released in the blood that enlarge the vessels around an injury so that blood can speed removal of any allergy-causing substance.

hyperhidrosis

Excessive sweating, caused by heat or general body weakness.

hypertrophy

Abnormal growth of the skin.

initiator

A substance that starts the chain reaction that leads to the creation of very long polymer chains.

irritant contact dermatitis

A skin infection caused when the skin becomes irritated by a substance.

keloid

A thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue.

Keratin

A fiber protein found in nails, skin and hair. The keratin in natural nails is harder than the keratin in hair or skin.

keratoma

Also known as a callus; an acquired, superficial, thickened patch of epidermis caused by pressure of friction on the hands and feet.

lentigenes

Technical term for freckles

lesion

A mark on the skin; certain lesions could indicate an injury or damage an injury or damage that changes the structure of tissue or organs. There are three types of skin lesions: primary, secondary, and tertiary.

leukoderma

a skin disorder characterized by light, abnormal patches; caused by a burn or congenital disease that destroys the pigment-producing cells.

lymph

A colorless fluid containing white blood cells that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.

macule

A spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle. Macules are neither raised of sunken.

malignant melanoma

Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised.

melanin

Tiny grains of pigment (coloring matter) deposited into cells in the layer of the epidermis and papillary layers of the dermis. There are two types of melanin: pheomelanin, which is red to yellow in color; and eumelanin, which is dark brown to black.

melanocytes

melanin-forming cells

melanosomes

An organelle found in cells and that is the site for synthesis, storage, and transport of melanin.

miliaria rubra

Prickly heat; an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itching skin.

mole

Small, brownish spot or blemish on the skin, ranging in color from pale tan to brown or bluish black.

motor nerve fiber

Fibers of the motor nerves that are distributed to the arrector pili muscle attached to hair follicles. Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.

nevus

A small or large malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries; commonly known as a birthmark.

nodule

Often referred to as a tumor, but a nodule is a smaller bump caused conditions such as a scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infection.

overexposure

Prolonged, repeated, or long-term exposure that can cause sensitivity.

papillary layer

The outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis

papillae

Small cone-shaped elevations that form the papillary layer.

papule

A pimple; a small circumscribed elevation on the skin that contains no fluid buy may develop pus.

pheomelanin

A type of melanin that is red to yellow in color.

port-wine stain

An abnormal brown or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular and irregular shape.

primary lesion

Lesions characterized by flat, nonpalpable changes in skin color, such as macules or patches, or an elevation formed by fluid in a cavity, such as vesicles, bullae, or pustules.

psoriasis

a skin disease characterized by red patches covered with silver-white scales, usually found on scalp, elbows, knees, chest, and lower back, and rarely on face.

pustule

An inflamed pimple containing pus

reticular layer

Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, oil glands, nerve endings, and hair folicles.

scale

A thin plate of epidermal flakes, dry or oily, such as abnormal or excessive dandruff.

scar

Also known as a cicatrix; a light-colored, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed.

sebaceous glands

An oil gland of the skin connected to hair follicles. Sebum is the fatty or oily secretion of the sebaceous gland.

secondary skin lesions

skin damage, developed in the later stages of disease, that changes the structure of tissues or organs.

secretory coil

A tubelike duct that is part of the sudoriferous gland that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore.

secretory nerve fibers

Fibers that are distributed to the sweat and oil glands. Secretory nerves, which are part of the autonomic nervous system, regulate the excretion of perspiration form the sweat glands and control the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin.

Sensitization

A greatly increased or exaggerated allergic sensitivity to products.

sensory nerve fibers

Sensory receptors that send messages to the brain. These react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain.

skin physiology

The study and understanding of the skin's primary functions: sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretion, and absorption.

skin tag

A small brown-colored or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin.

Squaous cell carcinoma

A type of skin cancer that is more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules.

stratum corneum

The outer layer of epidermis; also known as the horny layer.

stratum germinativum

also known as the basal cell layer, the deepest live layer of the epidermis that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth

stratum granulosum

The granular layer of the epidermis.

Stratum lucidum

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum.

Stratum spinosum

The Spiny layer just above the basal cell layer.

subcutaneous tissue

Also known as adipose or subcutis tissue; fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin.

subcutis tissue

Also known as adipose or subcutis tissue; fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin.

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands of the skin.

Sweat glands

sweat glands of the skin.

Tactile corpuscles

small epidermal structures with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch and pressure

tan

Change in pigmentation of skin caused by exposure to the sun or ultraviolet light.

telangiectasias

Dilation of the surface blood vessels.

tinea manus

A fungal infection of the hand. it is typically more aggressive than tinea pedis but similar in look. Itching, burning, cracking, and scaling are observable and may be transmitted sexually or otherwise, whether or not symptoms are present.

tinea pdeis

Fungal infection found between the toes know as athlete's foot.

tubercle

An abnormal, rounded, solid lump above, within, or under the skin; larger than a papule.

tumor

A swelling; an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive multiplication of cells, varying in size, shape, and color.

ulcer

an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane of the body accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth.

ultraviolet energy

Energy that is invisible to the human eye; found in sunlight and used to polymerize UV curing nail coatings.

urticaria

Also known as hives; caused by an allergic reaction from the body's histamine production.

verruca

Technical term for wart; hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis.

vesicle

A small blister or sac containing clear fluid lying within or just beneath the epidermis.

vitamin A

Aids in the health, function, and repair of skin cells; improves the skin's elasticity and thickness.