Water and nucleic acids

Scientists largely predicted _ would be the biomolecule carrying genetic information (1 word)

proteins

What is the first reason for predicting proteins would carry genetic information?

abundance

What is the second reason for predicting proteins would carry genetic information?

diverse

What is the third reason for predicting proteins would carry genetic information? (two words)

could encode

Bacteriophage

viruses that infect bacteria

The question for the Hershey Chase experiment was “what material is _” (1 word)

injected

How were the DNA or protein labeled in the Hershey Chase experiment? 

radioactively

The second step of the Hershey Chase experiment was to allow the bacteriophage to inject their genetic material into _. (one word)

bacteria

The third step of the Hershey Chase experiment was to _ the genetic and leftover material (one word)

separate

The fourth step of the Hershey Chase Experiment was to measure _ the radioactive protein or DNA were (one word). 

where

What element is found in protein but not DNA?

sulfur

What element is found in DNA but not in protein?

phosphorus

What percent of cells is H20?

70

What percent of cells is protein?

15

What percent of cells is nucleotide?

7%

Out of the nucleotides, what is the percentage of RNA?

6

Out of the nucleotides, what is the percentage of DNA?

1

What percent of cells is lipids? 

2 (l)

What percent of cells is polysaccharides?

2

What percent of cells are other small molecules?

4

carbon tends to form _ bonds

4

nitrogen tends to form _ bonds

3

oxygen tends to form _ bonds

2

Hydrogen tends to form _ bond(s)

1

How many electrons can the inner shell hold?

2

How many electrons can the other shell hold?

8

Acronym for the most abundant elements in life

CHONPS

The outermost shell is known as the _ shell (one word)

valence

Hydrogen only has an _ shell (one word)

inner

Electronegativity influences the _ of bonds formed (1 word)

types

electronegativity refers to the _ of an atom to pull a shared electrom more towards itself. 

When atoms with unequal electronegativity share an electron, they _ share it equally (1 word)

don’t

H O bonds _ share electrons

unequally

C O bonds _ share electrons

unequally

H N bonds _ share electrons

unequally

C H bonds _ share electrons

equally

C C bonds _ share electrons

equally

When electrons are shared equally, there is a _ bond (two words).

nonpolar covalent

When electrons are shared unequally, there is a _ bond (two words).

polar covalent

when one atom gives an electron to the other atom and causes a pull so unequal, there is an _ bond (one word). 

ionic

A covalent bond refers to the _ of electrons. (one word)

sharing

A bond refers to an _ between charges (1 word).

attraction

A hydrogen bond is a polar bond formed by a _ charge (one word)

partial

Van der waals refers to a very small and _ partial charge from non polar bonds (1 word)

brief

_ environment is key to life. (one word)

aqueous

Hydrogen bonds form between a partially _ charged hydrogen and an electronegative atom (1 word)

positively

What are the common electronegative atoms in biology?

O and N

Cohesion refers the the many hydrogen bonds between _ molecules.

water

One water molecule can form H bonds with how many other water molecules? 

4

In liquid water, hydrogen bonds constantly _ and reform (one word)

break

Water is known as the _ (two words)

universal solvent

The Na Cl bond is stronger than hydrogen bonds, but a _ number of H bonds overcome it, dissolving salt (one word)

large

_ molecules interact with water and move through an aqueous cellular environment (one word). 

Polar

Hydrophilic molecules have some _, full or partial (one word)

charge

Hydrophobic molecules are _, and will not interact with water (one word)

uncharged

Hydrophobic molecules can be held together by lots of _ van der waals interactions (one word)

weak

Amphipathic molecules have both hydro_ regions (two words by slash).

phobic/philic

water can act as an acid or _ (one word).

base

When water is a base, it _ a proton (one word).

accepts

When water is an acid, it _ a proton (one word).

donates

Condensation refers to the construction of a _ from monomers by removing a water molecule

polymer

Hydrolysis refers to the deconstruction of a polymer to _ using a water molecule. 

monomers

What does condensation look like?

rope

What does decondensed look like?

beads

Has 2’ and 3’ OH

RNA

GAUC bases

RNA

Chemically reactive and unstable due to the OH

RNA

Can form many structures through base pairing

RNA

Can store information (R)

RNA

Can catalyze chemical reactions 

RNA

3’ OH

DNA

GATC bases

DNA

Stable as a double helix

DNA

Can store information (D)

DNA

Cannot catalyze reactions

DNA

A cell has about _ feet of DNA

6

DNA is _ around histone proteins (one word)

wrapped

The histone proteins are _. (one word)

coiled

In a replicated condensed chromosome, each half is an _ copy of the other (one word)

identical

Chargaff’s rule states that in a DNA sample, the amount of A is equal to _ (and so on). 

T

Ribonucleotides can be written as _ (one word)

ntp

deoxyribonucleotides can be written as _ (one word)

dNTP

pyrimidines have _ ring(s).

1

purines have _ ring(s).

2

Monomers are joined by a _ bond. 

phosphodiester

Sugar is known as the _ backbone (one word).

phosphate

DNA has a _ sugar phosphate backbone on exterior (one word)

hydrophiic

DNA is _ parallel (one word).

anti

_ hydrogen  bonds between AT pairs

2

_ hydrogen bonds between CG pairs

3

_’ phosphate group

5

_’ OH group

3

ACTG base pairs with _ (hint: U shape)

CAGT

Dna is wrtten from 5 to _ 

3

a 2’ OH makes RNA more _ than DNA 

reactive

The hydrogen end of a molecule is partially _ (one word)

positive

The temperature stability for water is caused by its abundance of _ bonds (think temperature= average kinetic energy). one word

hydrogen

The polarity of water makes it a _ (one word).

solvent

pH refers to the acids and bases, and ultimately the concentration of hydrogen _ (one word).

ions