Digital Systems & Number Systems - Fill-in-the-Blank Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on digital vs. analog, number systems, and related coding schemes.

In a digital representation, quantities are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called __.

digits

The three-step process to handle analog input/output with digital techniques is ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), DSP (digital signal processing), and __.

DAC

Sequential Circuits: Output depends on the state of the present inputs and the circuit’s __.

internal memory

Binary 0 voltage range is between __.

0 V to 0.8 V

Binary 1 voltage range is between __.

2 V to 5 V

Decimal to binary conversion is performed by __.

repeated division by 2

To convert a decimal fraction to binary, you repeatedly multiply the fractional part by 2; the resulting bits form the __.

binary digits

Octal (base 8) uses digits 0–7; digits __ are not used.

8 and 9

Binary-to-octal conversion is accomplished by grouping binary digits into groups of __ starting from the LSB.

3

One hex digit corresponds to a group of __ bits.

4 bits

Hexadecimal uses base __, with digits 0–9 and letters A–F.

16

The 8421 BCD code uses four bits with weights __, __, __, and __.

8, 4, 2, 1

In 8421 BCD, the set of invalid codes includes 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and __.

1111

Gray code is designed so that successive values differ by only a single __.

bit

To convert binary to Gray code, the most significant Gray bit equals the most significant binary bit, and each subsequent Gray bit is the XOR of the current binary bit with the __ binary bit.

previous

Gray-to-binary conversion: Each subsequent binary bit is found by XORing the previous binary bit with the corresponding __ bit of the Gray code.

Gray code

One nybble (nibble) equals __ bits.

4

One byte equals __ bits.

8

Single-precision floating-point numbers have a total of __ bits: 1 sign bit, 8 exponent bits, and 23 fraction bits.

32

In signed-magnitude representation, the leftmost bit is the sign bit; 0 indicates and 1 indicates .

positive, negative

In 1’s complement representation, negative numbers are the __ of the corresponding positive numbers.

1’s complements

In 2’s complement representation, negative numbers are the 1’s complements of the positive numbers, plus __.

1

In 8421 BCD, decimal 9 is encoded as __.

1001

In BCD addition, if a 4-bit sum is greater than 9 or a carry out is generated, add __ to the sum to skip invalid states.

6

The decimal digits 0–9 correspond to 4-bit patterns 0000–1001 in BCD; decimal 5 is encoded as __.

0101

ASCII is an example of an __ code used to represent numbers, letters, symbols and instructions.

alphanumeric

In binary, 1 nybble equals 4 bits; 1 byte equals 8 bits; 1 kilo (KB) equals __ bytes.

1024

A single-precision floating-point number has 32 bits, partitioned as 1 sign bit, 8 exponent bits, and 23 __ bits.

mantissa (fraction)