APES Chapter 8

When were the availability of Earth’s resources determined?

When the planet was formed

Earth is characterized by what type of zone?

vertical zone

Core

Innermost zone of Earth’s Interior

What is the core’s outer layer like?

Liquid

What is the core’s inner layer like?

Solid

Mantle

Layer of Earth above the core with magma

Magma

Molten Rock

Asthenosphere

Located in the outer part of mantle

Lithosphere

outermost layer of the earth

Crust

Chemically distinct outermost layer

Hot Spot

Where molten lava reaches the lithosphere

What is a result of radioactive decay in reference to hot spots

A higher temperature in Earth’s outer core and mantle

How are hot spots formed?

Heat causes plumes of hot magma to well upward from mantle

Theory of Plate Tectonics

Lithosphere of Earth is divided into plate, most of which are in constant motion

Tectonic Cycle

Sum of processes that build up and break down lithosphere

2 Consequences of plate movement

Subduction and Volcanoes

Subduction

Process of 1 crustal plate passing under another

Volcano

Vent in the Earth’s that emits ash

Divergent Plates

Area beneath the ocean where plates move away from each other

Seafloor Spreading

Formation of new crust as result of magma; Pushing up and out from the mantle

Convergent Plate Boundary

Plates move toward each other and collide

Transform Fault Boundary

Tectonic Plates move sideways past each other

Fault

A fracture in a rock because of crust movement

Seismic Activity

Frequency or Intensity of earthquakes

Fault Zone

Large expanse of rock where fault has occured

Earthquake

Sudden earth movement causes by vubratuibs if the surface

Epicenter

Point of Earth directly above spot where rock ruptures during Earthquake

Richter Scale

scale that measures longest ground movement that occurs during plate movement

What does the Rock cycle recycle?

Scarce minerals and elements

Rock cycle

governs constant formation,destruction from tectonics,alteration, weathering, erosion

Earthquake Epicenters are found at…

transform boundaries

What type of soil best prevents leakage?

Mostly clay

What happens as Earth cooled

light elements went to surface, heavy sank to core

What is the slowest Earth cycle?

Rock Cycle

What type of boundary does subduction occur at

Convergent Boundary

Seafloor Spreading occurs at what type of boundary?

Divergent Plate Boundary

3 Major Ways in which Rocks can form

Directly from magma,Composition from sediments, exposure to high temperature

Fossil Records are found in…?

Sedimentary Rock

Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed directly from magma

Intrusive Igneous

Forms when magma rises and cools underground

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Forms when magma cools above surface

How can you tell whether a Igneous rock is extrusive or intrusive.

Intrusive cools slower

Fracture

Crack that occurs in a rock as it cools

Sedimentary Rock

Forms when sediments are compressed

Metamorphic Rock

Forms when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure

What type of rock is important for building material?

Metamorphic

What processes contribute to recycling of elements?

Weathering and Erosion

Physical Weathering

Mechanical break down of rocks and minerals

Chemical Weathering

breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, dissolving of chemical elements from rocks

Acid Precipitation

Precipitation from high in sulfuric acid and nitric from reactions between the H20 vapor and Nitrogen oxides

What is Acid Precipitation also known as

Acid Rain

Erosion

Physical removal of fragments from a landscape or ecosystem

Erosion results in 2 processes

1. Wind Water, and ice move materials down a slope

2. Living Organisms burrow under soil

Mineral

An inorganic naturally occuring solid with a definite chemical composition and atomic structure

What does soil link together?

Rock cycle and biosphere

Soil serves many functions

Medium for plant growth, filter for water, habitat for living organisms, filter for pollutants

Ecological Succession

Natural gradual change in a type of species

Where does primary succession begin?

In a place with NO SOIL

Sides of volcanoes, landslides, flooding

Primary Successsion Cycle

Lichens grow and make soil, Mosses grow to hold soil , When Lichens die they add soil, Soil layer thickens and plants take over, REPEAT

Secondary Succession

Starts in a place that already has soil

Climax Community

Stable group that is end result of succession process

Parent Material

Rock Material from which inorganic material is derived

Soil Degradation

Loss of some/all of soil’s ability to support plant growth

Acronym for 4 factors

Climb tree ON Time

4 factors of soil formation

Climate, Topography, Organisms, Time

Which factor is most important?

TIME

Soil Horizons

The horizontal layer in soil defined by distinctively physical features such as texture and color

Soil Horizons Acronym

Oreos Are Eaten Better Cold

O Horizon

Organic matter in varous stages of decomposition

A horizon ( Topsoil)

zone of overlying organic material mixed with underlying mineral material

E Horizon

zone of leaching of metals and nutrients; occurs in some soils beneath the O and A Horizons

B Horizon ( Subsoil)

Zone of accumulation of metals and nutrients

C Horizon

Least weathered portion of soil profile, similar to parent material

3 properties of soil

Physical, Chemical, Biological

Physical property

physical characteristics like size and weight

What does soil permeability depend on?

Texture

Chemical Propety

Helps determine the function of soil

CEC

ABility of soil to absorb and release cations

Base Saturation

Proportion of soil bases to soil acids (expressed as %)

Biological Property

Properties of soil referring to activities of organisms living in soil

3 groups of Biological

Fungi,Protozoans, Bacteria

What kind of resources are rock and minerals

Finite (Limited)

Crustal Abundance

Average concentration of an element in Earth’s crust

Ore

A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted

Metal

An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy to preform other important functions

Reserve

Known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered

What is the most abundant in the crust?

Oxygen ( Silicon,Aluminum, Iron are next 3)

Mining can be on or below the surface

True

Strip Mining

(SUrface MIning) Removal of strips and rocks to expose ore

Mining Spoils

(Surface Mining)Unwanted waste material created during mining

Open Pit MIning

(Surface Mining) Technique that uses large visible pit or hole in ground

Mountain-Top Mining

(Surface Mining) The entire top of a mountain is moved by explosive

Placer Mining

Process of looking for minerals , metals, and precious stones in river sediment

Subsurface MIning

Techniques used when desired resource is more than 100 meters below the surface

Effect on Air from Surface Mining

Significant dust from earth-moving equipment

Effect on Water from Surface Mining

Contamination of Water that percolates through tailing

Effect on Soil from Surface Mining

Most soil removed from the site; May be replaced if reclamation

Effect on Biodiversity from Surface Mining

Habitat alteration and destruction over surface areas mined

Effect on Air from SubSurface Mining

Minimal dust from mining site, but emissions from fossil fuels used to power mining equipment

Effect on Water from Subsurface Mining

Acid mine drainage as well as contamination of water that percolates through tailing