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When were the availability of Earth’s resources determined?
When the planet was formed
Earth is characterized by what type of zone?
vertical zone
Core
Innermost zone of Earth’s Interior
What is the core’s outer layer like?
Liquid
What is the core’s inner layer like?
Solid
Mantle
Layer of Earth above the core with magma
Magma
Molten Rock
Asthenosphere
Located in the outer part of mantle
Lithosphere
outermost layer of the earth
Crust
Chemically distinct outermost layer
Hot Spot
Where molten lava reaches the lithosphere
What is a result of radioactive decay in reference to hot spots
A higher temperature in Earth’s outer core and mantle
How are hot spots formed?
Heat causes plumes of hot magma to well upward from mantle
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Lithosphere of Earth is divided into plate, most of which are in constant motion
Tectonic Cycle
Sum of processes that build up and break down lithosphere
2 Consequences of plate movement
Subduction and Volcanoes
Subduction
Process of 1 crustal plate passing under another
Volcano
Vent in the Earth’s that emits ash
Divergent Plates
Area beneath the ocean where plates move away from each other
Seafloor Spreading
Formation of new crust as result of magma; Pushing up and out from the mantle
Convergent Plate Boundary
Plates move toward each other and collide
Transform Fault Boundary
Tectonic Plates move sideways past each other
Fault
A fracture in a rock because of crust movement
Seismic Activity
Frequency or Intensity of earthquakes
Fault Zone
Large expanse of rock where fault has occured
Earthquake
Sudden earth movement causes by vubratuibs if the surface
Epicenter
Point of Earth directly above spot where rock ruptures during Earthquake
Richter Scale
scale that measures longest ground movement that occurs during plate movement
What does the Rock cycle recycle?
Scarce minerals and elements
Rock cycle
governs constant formation,destruction from tectonics,alteration, weathering, erosion
Earthquake Epicenters are found at…
transform boundaries
What type of soil best prevents leakage?
Mostly clay
What happens as Earth cooled
light elements went to surface, heavy sank to core
What is the slowest Earth cycle?
Rock Cycle
What type of boundary does subduction occur at
Convergent Boundary
Seafloor Spreading occurs at what type of boundary?
Divergent Plate Boundary
3 Major Ways in which Rocks can form
Directly from magma,Composition from sediments, exposure to high temperature
Fossil Records are found in…?
Sedimentary Rock
Igneous Rocks
Rocks formed directly from magma
Intrusive Igneous
Forms when magma rises and cools underground
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Forms when magma cools above surface
How can you tell whether a Igneous rock is extrusive or intrusive.
Intrusive cools slower
Fracture
Crack that occurs in a rock as it cools
Sedimentary Rock
Forms when sediments are compressed
Metamorphic Rock
Forms when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure
What type of rock is important for building material?
Metamorphic
What processes contribute to recycling of elements?
Weathering and Erosion
Physical Weathering
Mechanical break down of rocks and minerals
Chemical Weathering
breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, dissolving of chemical elements from rocks
Acid Precipitation
Precipitation from high in sulfuric acid and nitric from reactions between the H20 vapor and Nitrogen oxides
What is Acid Precipitation also known as
Acid Rain
Erosion
Physical removal of fragments from a landscape or ecosystem
Erosion results in 2 processes
Wind Water, and ice move materials down a slope
Living Organisms burrow under soil
Mineral
An inorganic naturally occuring solid with a definite chemical composition and atomic structure
What does soil link together?
Rock cycle and biosphere
Soil serves many functions
Medium for plant growth, filter for water, habitat for living organisms, filter for pollutants
Ecological Succession
Natural gradual change in a type of species
Where does primary succession begin?
In a place with NO SOIL
Sides of volcanoes, landslides, flooding
Primary Successsion Cycle
Lichens grow and make soil, Mosses grow to hold soil , When Lichens die they add soil, Soil layer thickens and plants take over, REPEAT
Secondary Succession
Starts in a place that already has soil
Climax Community
Stable group that is end result of succession process
Parent Material
Rock Material from which inorganic material is derived
Soil Degradation
Loss of some/all of soil’s ability to support plant growth
Acronym for 4 factors
Climb tree ON Time
4 factors of soil formation
Climate, Topography, Organisms, Time
Which factor is most important?
TIME
Soil Horizons
The horizontal layer in soil defined by distinctively physical features such as texture and color
Soil Horizons Acronym
Oreos Are Eaten Better Cold
O Horizon
Organic matter in varous stages of decomposition
A horizon ( Topsoil)
zone of overlying organic material mixed with underlying mineral material
E Horizon
zone of leaching of metals and nutrients; occurs in some soils beneath the O and A Horizons
B Horizon ( Subsoil)
Zone of accumulation of metals and nutrients
C Horizon
Least weathered portion of soil profile, similar to parent material
3 properties of soil
Physical, Chemical, Biological
Physical property
physical characteristics like size and weight
What does soil permeability depend on?
Texture
Chemical Propety
Helps determine the function of soil
CEC
ABility of soil to absorb and release cations
Base Saturation
Proportion of soil bases to soil acids (expressed as %)
Biological Property
Properties of soil referring to activities of organisms living in soil
3 groups of Biological
Fungi,Protozoans, Bacteria
What kind of resources are rock and minerals
Finite (Limited)
Crustal Abundance
Average concentration of an element in Earth’s crust
Ore
A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extractedMetal
An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy to preform other important functions
Reserve
Known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered
What is the most abundant in the crust?
Oxygen ( Silicon,Aluminum, Iron are next 3)
Mining can be on or below the surface
True
Strip Mining
(SUrface MIning) Removal of strips and rocks to expose ore
Mining Spoils
(Surface Mining)Unwanted waste material created during mining
Open Pit MIning
(Surface Mining) Technique that uses large visible pit or hole in ground
Mountain-Top Mining
(Surface Mining) The entire top of a mountain is moved by explosive
Placer Mining
Process of looking for minerals , metals, and precious stones in river sediment
Subsurface MIning
Techniques used when desired resource is more than 100 meters below the surface
Effect on Air from Surface Mining
Significant dust from earth-moving equipment
Effect on Water from Surface Mining
Contamination of Water that percolates through tailing
Effect on Soil from Surface Mining
Most soil removed from the site; May be replaced if reclamation
Effect on Biodiversity from Surface Mining
Habitat alteration and destruction over surface areas mined
Effect on Air from SubSurface Mining
Minimal dust from mining site, but emissions from fossil fuels used to power mining equipment
Effect on Water from Subsurface Mining
Acid mine drainage as well as contamination of water that percolates through tailing
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