7 Divisions over religion

Arminianism and Laudianism; Puritanism and millenarianism to 1640

What religion were the majority of the political nation?

Calvinist

Which religious extreme was the Calvinist majority of the population more likely to tolerate?

Arminianism

Why was the majority Calvinist population more likely to tolerate Arminianism than Puritanism?

Arminianism was less demanding as its emphasis was on ceremony, whilst Puritanism was more demanding, with emphasis on long sermons and self-reflection

What was the emphasis of Arminianism which made it less demanding and therefore more appealing to the majority of the population?

ceremony

What was the emphasis of Puritanism which made it more demanding and therefore less appealing to the majority of the population?

long sermons and self-reflection

Why were the Puritans unpopular in many neighbourhoods?

they seemed to see themselves as better than others because they believed they were selected to be saved by god (arrogant)

Which bishop's views were increasingly imposed on the church in the 1630s?

William Laud

When was Laud made Archbishop of Canterbury?

1633

Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury before Laud and what religion was he?

George Abbot, Calvinist

What were the two key characteristics of Laudianism?

rejection of predestination; less emphasis on the bible and more emphasis on ritual

What was Charles trying to impose on religion?

uniformity

What were the Laudian changes made on the appearance of the church? (6)

communion table moved and railed off; increased emphasis on ceremony; decorations; increased use of music in services; vestments rather than plain robes for ministers; removal of gentry's ornamental pews

Why did the Puritans not like the physical changes to the church?

the physical changes were seen as elements of idolatry, which was too close to Catholicism

What was included in the altar policy? (4)

communion table would be aligned north-south against the far east wall; the space around the altar would be raised by some steps; the altar would be railed off and separated from the rest of the church; the altar would be covered with a decorated embroidered cloth

What change did Laud make to the church service itself?

made it centered on the catechism

What was the catechism?

a list of set statements in a prayer book which were recited at specific points in the service

Why did Laud and Charles introduce the catechism?

gave the services conformity and order

How did Laud limit preaching?

limited it to Sunday mornings and evenings only

What were the Feoffees for Impropriations?

an organisation of Puritans which raised money to control the appointment of clergy to parishes in order to establish puritan preachers

When did the Feoffees start raising money?

1626

When did Laud have the Feoffees banned?

1633

From when was the church controlled by Arminians and Laudians?

1625

Why did Laud remove pews in churches?

because pews had been put in some churches by gentry to emphasise their social standing, and their removal emphasised the power of the church over the laity

When was the book of sports originally produced?

1618

When was the book of sports reissued?

1633

What was the book of sports?

a book issued to counter pressure that was put on the population in Puritan areas to not participate in fun activities on Sundays; the book outlined lots of activities that could be done after church

What happened to clergy who failed to read the reissue of the book of sports?

could be expelled from their parish or imprisoned

How were Laudian measures enforced?

visitations and ecclesiastical courts

What did bishops' visitations of the churches focus on?

inspecting physical aspects of the church and the performance of the minister

When was the personal rule?

1629 - 1640

What was the personal rule?

When Charles ruled for 11 years without calling a parliament

Why did Charles support Arminianism?

feared Puritanism as it seemed to threaten order and unity in church and in his monarchy

When were canon laws introduced to codify Laud's measures?

1640

Why was the bible so important to puritans?

because it gave them direct access to god and gave them direction for their lives

What is Patrick Collinson's definition for Puritans?

"the hotter sort of Protestants"

Why did Charles and Laud's actions in the 1630s push many protestants towards puritanism? (2)

because they became very concerned at the direction of Charles imposition of Laudianism, and because Arminian measures were seen as too close to Catholicism

What are five examples of Puritan opposition to the Arminian measures and the personal rule?

St Gregory's case; John Williams' criticism; Prynne, Burton and Bastwick's criticism; John Lilburne's criticism; high levels of emigration to North America

When was St Gregory's case?

1633

What was St Gregory's case?

parishioners of St Gregory's church challenged the moving of the communion table, and they were brought before the Privy Council by Charles as a test case

When was John Williams imprisoned?

1637

Why was John Williams imprisoned?

for his criticism of the altar policy in "Holy table, name and thing"

When were Prynne, Burton and Bastwick brought before the Court of Star Chamber?

1637

Why were Prynne, Burton and Bastwick brought before the Court of Star Chamber?

for their criticisms of church policy

How were Prynne, Burton and Bastwick punished for their criticism of church policy? (3)

fined £5000 each, had their ears cropped publicly and were imprisoned for life

When was John Lilburne found guilty by Star Chamber for his criticism?

February 1638

What did John Lilburne do to end up in prison?

opposed Laudianism and wrote criticism of the church policy; he was found guilty of printing unlicensed literature

How was John Lilburne punished for criticising Laudianism? (3)

was fined, whipped and pillories in public, put in prison

How effective was the opposition in St Gregory's case?

not very (just brought before the privy council)

How effective was John Williams' opposition to Laudianism?

not very (probably not many people read his criticism)

How effective was Prynne, Burton and Bastwick's opposition to Laudianism?

not very (probably not many people read the criticism, but due to their professions they gained sympathy)

How effective was Lilburne's opposition to Laudianism?

not very (probably not many people read his criticism)

How effective a form of opposition was the emigration to North America?

not effective at all (wasn't stopping Laud at all or actively protesting against his measures)

What religion was the majority of the scottish population?

presbytarian

Why did Laud and Charles want to align Scotland with the Laudian church of England?

Charles wanted conformity across all kingdoms and resented the independence of the Presbytarian church of Scotland

What was the act of revocation?

an act which gave Charles the feudal right to take land from the scottish elite to support the church in Scotland (Charles exploited this right)

When was the act of revocation?

1625

What happened as a result of the act of revocation?

united the landowners against Charles

When did Charles command observation of the Articles of Perth?

1625

What were the issued addressed in the articles of Perth? (5)

had to kneel at communion, had to have private baptism, had to have private communion for the sick, had to be confirmed by a bishop, had to observe Holy days

When did Charles go to Scotland to be crowned there?

1633

Why was Charles' coronation ceremony in Scotland offensive to the scottish people? (2)

he didn't choose the traditional coronation site (scone/ stirling) and instead chose Edinburgh's Holyrood palace; he also chose a form of ceremony that the scots saw as Catholic

What were two of Charles' actions in Scotland that were seen as Catholic?

introduced the rank of bishop in Edinburgh and made St Giles in Edinburgh a cathedral

When did Charles announce his intention to introduce a prayer book in Scotland?

1633

When did Charles impose new canons on Scotland?

1636

What were the key aspects of the new canons in Scotland? (3)

altar had to placed against east wall; ministers had to wear a surplice during communion; ministers had to read from the new prayer book

Why did the Scots oppose the new canons in 1636? (2)

seen as an attempt to return to Catholicism; imposed by royal prerogative with no attempt made to let the kirk of Scotland or the scottish parliament have any say

When was a new Laudian prayer book introduced into Scotland?

1637

Why was the introduction of the new Laudian prayer book in Scotland aggravating to the Scots? ( )

Charles didn't consult the Scottish kirk or parliament; the book leaned very clearly towards Catholicism and threatened scottish religious independence

What happened as a result of the introduction of a new prayer book in Scotland in 1637?

triggered a conflict in St Giles Cathedral which started the Scottish rebellion and the British civil wars

When were the British civil wars?

1637 - 1660

What was millenarianism?

a puritan belief that the end of the world was coming soon

How did the belief in millenarianism affect Puritan's actions in the 1630s?

they feared that they would soon be judged which gave them a reason to take on more political and public roles in the late 1630s