Pharm 1204 Final Exam Study Guide

Signs and symptoms (S/Sx) of anesthesia post-operative

Constipation

Contraindications of using laxatives

Appendicitis (inflamed appendix)

Contraindications of using laxatives

Bowel obstruction

How Bismuth (Pepto-Bismol) subsalicylate helps w/diarrhea

Works with GI tract(small intestine) to coat and provide protective barrier

Diarrhea and electrolyte imbalance

Muscle weakness caused by loss of Sodium and Potassium

S/Sx of IBS & treatment w/loperamide(Imodium A-D)

Slows down bowel motility by slowing down the movement of the intestines

S/Sx of IBS & treatment w/loperamide(Imodium A-D)

Peristalsis and decrease of bowel movement

Type 2 diabetes nurse education/teaching for patients

Teach lifestyle changes and exercise

Type 2 diabetes nurse education/teaching for patients

Low carb diet

Lower respiratory conditions & meds used to treat them

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder(COPD)

Lower respiratory conditions & meds used to treat them

Anticholinergic Bronchodilators(Albuterol)

Lower respiratory conditions & meds used to treat them

Inhaled Corticosteroids- Fluticasone, budesonide, beclomethasone

Actions of the insulins

Allows glucose to enter the cells and reduce blood sugar levels

Actions of the insulins

Rapid: onset 15 min; peak 1 hr

Actions of the insulins

Short: onset 30 min; peak 2-4 hr

Actions of the insulins

Intermediate: onset 1-2 hr; peak 8 hr

Actions of the insulins

Long: onset 1-2 hr; No peak

Actions of Glucotrol used in type 2 diabetes

Glucotrol stimulates pancreas to release more insulin.

Actions of Glucotrol used in type 2 diabetes

Insulin allows glucose to enter the cells and reduce blood sugar levels.

Check feet daily

A nursing intervention for diabetes management.

Recommend podiatrist

A nursing intervention for diabetes management.

Circulation and Wound Healing

Key considerations in diabetes care.

Metabolism Regulation

The function of the thyroid gland.

Treats UTI

The action of Macrobid.

May be used in conjunction with Pyridium

An additional use of Macrobid.

Urine color changes possible

A potential side effect of Macrobid.

Give in the morning before breakfast

Nursing intervention for Synthroid administration.

Take on an empty stomach

Nursing intervention for Synthroid administration.

Hypothyroid condition (weight gain, cold, fatigue)

Symptoms associated with hypothyroidism.

Teach client to increase their caloric intake for fatigue

Nursing intervention for managing fatigue in hypothyroid patients.

Avoid Calcium, Iron, and Antacids

Medications that interfere with Synthroid effectiveness.

It helps to manage the body stress response cortisol (stress hormone); Reduces inflammation

The primary action of glucocorticoids (cortisol).

It helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; Watch for vitamin intake

The action of mineralocorticoids.

Hyperpigmentation (Dark Skin)

A sign associated with Addison's disease.

Weight Loss

A symptom associated with Addison's disease.

Hypotension (Low BP)

A symptom associated with Addison's disease.

Ditropan used for overactive bladder so bladder scan is needed

Data needed to evaluate the effectiveness of Ditropan.

Slower absorption due to decrease in acid production and higher risk of toxicity

Drug absorption in older adults.

Nitroglycerin/Lozenges sublingual (under the tongue)

Common medication administered via the mucous membrane.

Inserted into fatty tissue using a 27G

Best size needle gauge for SQ injections.

Mostly given in Deltoid w/1mL is Max

Nursing guidelines for deltoid IM injections.

Stop IV if you see the pt is swollen and red

Nursing intervention for IV administration.

Blocks acetylcholine preventing the parasympathetic phase

Action of anticholinergic agents.

Adverse Effects- Constipation, Dry Mouth, Blurred Vision, Urinary Retention

Potential adverse effects of anticholinergic agents.

Relax bronchial smooth muscle improving air flow

Primary action of beta-agonist inhaler.

To induce sleep

Uses for hypnotic medications.

Take a Warm bath to induce sleep

Nursing interventions to help promote sleep.

Benzodiazepines

Related to the CNS.

Non-benzodiazepines

Fewer sedative effects compared to benzodiazepines.

Flumazenil

Drug used for benzodiazepine overdose.

Dopamine agonist side effects

Orthostatic hypotension, hallucinations, and constipation.

Levodopa

Converted to dopamine in the brain to reduce tremors and rigidity; monitor for orthostatic hypotension.

Anticholinergic agents in Parkinson's

Reduce muscle tremors and balance acetylcholine and dopamine levels in the brain.

Memantine

Used to treat Alzheimer's disease by blocking excessive glutamate activity and slowing progression.

Lorazepam nursing considerations

Assess patient for respiratory depression, sedation, and airways.

Buspirone

A non-benzodiazepine that takes 2-4 weeks for effects to kick in; non-addictive.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Characterized by excessive uncontrollable worry about everything in life.

Panic Disorder

Involves recurrent and unexpected panic attacks.

Tricyclic antidepressant evaluation

Check labs before treatment and ECG.

SSRIs

Block the reuptake of serotonin.

MAOIs

Inhibit the breakdown of serotonin.

Lithium nursing action

Check the lithium level (0.6 to 1.2).

Antipsychotic agents

Primary indication is for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychosis, Parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia.

Antiepileptic agents

Commonly used meds include Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Valproic acid (Depakote), and Phenytoin (Dilantin); most common adverse effect is ataxia.

Opiate antagonist action

Reverse the action of overdose by displacing the opioid from the receptor site.

Naloxone

An opioid antagonist given for opioid overdose.

Pyridium nursing implementations

Inform patients that their urine may be red or orange; increase fluid intake.

Aspirin adverse effects

GI irritation.

Statins

Inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver to lower LDL; may be contraindicated in surgery because they are blood thinners.

Fibrates

Meds effective in reducing triglyceride levels.

Bile acids resins action

Binds to bile acids and prevents reabsorption.

Hypertension nursing education

DASH diet.

First-time treatment meds for hypertension

Diuretics like Lisinopril and DASH diet.

Chronic stable angina management

Patient needs rest and all beta blockers (lol).

Nitroglycerin action

Reduces heart rate and oxygen demand used for acute pain; relaxes blood vessels to the heart.

Peripheral vasodilating agents effects

Decrease the blood vessels of the outer extremities.

Pentoxifylline side effects

Dizziness, nausea, and headaches.

Overactive bladder treatment

Oxybutynin (Ditropan).

Secondary infections

Infections that occur after treating another infection.

Platelet inhibitors action

Prevent platelets from sticking together and causing a clot (aggregation).

Patients benefiting from anticoagulant therapy

Patients with A-Fib.

Digoxin action

Increases heart contractility and slows the heart rate; toxicity symptoms include blurred vision and bradycardia.

Antimicrobial therapy adverse effects

Birth control is least effective; use a backup method.

Diuretic therapy electrolyte imbalances

Watch for hypokalemia (low potassium); eat potassium-rich foods.

Diuretic therapy in renal function

Monitor weight for fluid retention.

Common stomach disorders

GERD requires elevating the HOB; PUD requires drug therapy.

Proton pump inhibitors action

Regulate/stabilize stomach acid in the body.

Chemotherapy-related nausea

Anticipatory nausea is the most common.

Nausea treatment meds

Ondansetron (Zofran) taken 1 hour before chemotherapy.

Sympathomimetic decongestants action

Constrict blood flow in the nasal passages to reduce swelling; check BP due to vasoconstriction.

Decongestant use and hypertension

Monitor for hypertension.

Expectorants action

Thins out mucus to expel it.

Beta-adrenergic bronchodilators monitoring

Monitor for heart palpitations and urinary retention.

Hypoglycemia symptoms

Diaphoresis.

Hyperglycemia symptoms

Ketoacidosis.

Thyroid disease treatment meds

Levothyroxine, Iodine, PTU (Propylthiouracil).

Corticosteroid therapy baseline assessment

Monitor blood pressure, weight, and glucose.

Salicylates pharmacologic effects

Reduce inflammation/swelling (anti-inflammatory), relieve pain (analgesic), and reduce fever (antipyretic).

Patients at risk for blood clots

Post-operative, immobile, and cardiovascular patients.

PVD management goals

Relieving pain in legs and improving circulation.