Hist 1320 FINAL Alter TXST

National Organization for Women

-founded in 1966
-gave voice to the movement for equality
-known as "second wave" of feminism
-President Betty Frieden (also wrote The Feminine Mystique)
-outlined a wide range of areas (public and private) where women still were denied full freedom
-"bring women into full participation in the mainstream american society
-anti prejudice and discrimination against women in workforce
-less women worried about degrees
-losing ground in high ranking jobs
-encourage working and motherhood, use of childcare facilities to help so women can work
-true partnership between sexes demands different concept of marriage and equitable sharing of at home responsibilities
-newspapers had been dividing jobs into male and female parts (women were low wage clerical positions)
- universities limited number of females accepted
-Ohio supreme court had called a wife, "at most a superior servant to her husband..." without "legally recognizable feelings or rights"
-suburban dream had become a nightmare
-equal pay act of 1963, barring sex discrimination
-led to the brewing within the civil rights movement and students

Stonewall riots

-emergence of the movement for gay liberation
-Harry Hay founded first gay rigths organization, Mattachine Society
-gays had long been stigmatized as sinfull or mentally disordered
-gay acts were illegal and harassed by police
-although homosexuals had achieved some success in arts or fashion, mos kept sexual orientation "in the closet"
-1969 police raid on the Stonewall Inn, in NY Greenwhich Village (gathering place for homosexuals)
-rather than bowing to police harassment (as usual), the gays fought back
-five days of rioting followed, a militant movement was born
-gay men and women stepped out of the closet to insist that sexual orientation was a matter of rights, power, and identity
-led to gay pride marches

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

-1962
-offshoot of socialist League fro Industrial Democracy
-Met at Port Huron, Michigan
-60 college students adopted a document that captured the mood and summarized the beliefs of the generation of student protestors
-devoted four-fifths of text to criticism of institutions ranging from political parties to corporations, unions, and the military-industrial complex
-the rest was the guiding spirit of new radicalism, which offered a new vision of social change
-Participatory Democracy, new standard by which students judged existing social arrangements
-by end of 1962, SDS rose to 8,000 members
-1964 at UCBerkely sparked Free Speech movement
-in 1965 invited opponents of American policy in Vietnam to assemble in DC, 25,000 showed up, spark in antiwar movement
-SDS leader, Carl Ogelsby challenged foundations of Cold War thinking, said that everything was rooted in obsessive anti-communism
-also helped womens liberation
-antiwar activists
-THE NEW LEFT

Counter Culture

-the new lefts understanding of freedom expanded to include cultural freedom as well
-generational rebelling known as "counter culture"
-youth revolt was inconceivable without wars destruction of young american's belief in authority
-by late 60's, millions of young people openly rejected the values and behaviors of their elders
-college students and young workers (even though labor unions strongly opposed antiwar demonstrations and counter cultural displays)
-the flamboyant rejection of respectable norms in clothing, language, sexual behavior, and drug use (previously for bohemians/artists) became basis of a mass movement...rallying cry was LIBERATION!
-counter cultural emblems: colorful clothing, rock music, images of sexual freedom, even black revolution and native american resistance...mass marketed as fashion of the day
-self-indulgence and self-destructive behavior were built into counter culture
-Harvard scientist, Timothy Leary, turned prophet of mind, embodied a new freedom, LSD, freedom to expand your own consciousness
-1967 in SF crowd of 20,000 to "turn on, tune in, drop out"
-spirit of creative experimentation, friendship and pleasure were more important than single minded pursuit of wealth
-Yippies were born
-woodstock, quasi-independent neighborhoods
-sexual revolution became mainstream, divorces soared and premarital sex was OK

young American's for freedom (YAF)

-1960 founding
-similar to SDS...
-conservative students emerged as a force in politics
-youth as cutting edge of new radicalism, claimed to offer route to greater freedom
-Sharon Statement (90 young ppl, met to establish): summarized belief that free market underpinned "personal freedom," government must be strictly limited, and "international communism" the largest threat to liberty must be destroyed
-aimed initially to take control of Republic party from leaders who had made their peace with the New Deal and seemed willing to coexist with communism
-supported Barry Goldwater, was defeated but remarkable triumph for a movement that seemed to be made of up of fanatics out to "repeal the twentieth century"
-in 1962, bestowed Freedom Award to senator Storm Thurmond of South Carolina (one of countries most prominent segregationist)

COINTELPRO

An FBI program begun in 1956 and continued until 1971 that sought to expose, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations: Targeted antiwar groups during the Vietnam War.

Detente

!!!!!IMPORTANT PART:
-Nixon became first "cold war" president to visit Soviet Union, were he engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev (soviet counterpart), agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms-control treaties (called SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talk since 1969)
-froze each country's arsenal of intercontinental missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads
-Anti-Ballistic missile treaty banned development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles, so that neither side would be tempted to attack the other without fearing devastating retaliation
-Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of "peaceful coexistance" in which DETENTE (cooperation) would replace the hostility of cold war
-during pres. Ford, detente helped form permanence of Europes post WWII boundaries (including the division of Germany)
-by 1980 detente had been eclipsed due to pres Carters cut back on social spending/govs economic regulations, and increase in military budget... cold war reinvigorated

Defense of Marriage Act

-1996, barred gay couples from spousal benefits provided by federal law (would be overturned by Supreme court in 2013 and declared unconstitutional)

NAFTA (north american free trade agreement)

-Clinton shared predecessors passion for free trade, despite strong opposition from unions and environmentalists..
-clinton asked US to accept economic globalization as an inevitable form of progress and path to future prosperity, said no there will be no job loss........(things didn't work out that way)
-1993 obtained congressional approval for NAFTA
-negotiated by Bush that created free-trade zone consisting of Canada, USA, and Mexico
-thriving industrial zone emerged just across the border of the US, where american manufacturers built plants to take advantage of cheap labor and weak environmental/safety regulations
-business would rely on profits on financial operations rather than making things
-walmart would be largest employer in Mexico, because American companies could expand their business there
-negative bc outsourcing of jobs...
-

Neoconservatives

-background...during rise of conservatism, conservatives organized groups in order to spread doctrines, and ran candidates for office that had little chance of winning, worked to change the policies of institutions like school boards, town councils, and planning commissions
-important part-
-group of intellectuals who charged that the 1960's had produced a decline in moral standards and respect for authority
-once supporters of liberalism, they had now come to believe that even well-intentioned gov social programs did more harm than good
-for ex. welfare didn't alleviate poverty, but also encouraged single motherhood and undermined work ethic
-high taxes and expensive gov regulations drained resources from productive enterprises, stifling economic growth
-repudiated(denied/refused) the attempts of Nixon, Carter, and Ford to reorient foreign policy away from the cold war, this endangered the "survival of freedom"

Iranian Hostage Crisis

-iran was a major supplier of oil and an importer of American military equipment
-in 1977 Carter traveled there to help celebrate the Shah's rule, cause internal opposition to be more anti-american, in 1979 a revolution overthrew the Shah and declared Iran an Islamic republic
-1979 november, when Carter allowed the old Shah to seek medical treatment in the US, the new leaders followers invaded the American EMbassy and seized 66 hostages
-14 were soon released, leaving 52 hostages
-they did not regain their freedom until january 1981, when Carters term ended
-events in Iran made carter seem helpless and inept and led to rapid fall in his popularity
-all steps carter took to fix this problem would end up negative, ex. boycott of 1980 olympics, embargo on grain exports, increased military spending, funneled aid to fundamentalist muslims in afghanistan that would later turn into the taliban and take over

Moral Majority

-conservatives wanted involvement of church in politics, devout christians taking on responsibility fro social reform and using political means to combat what they perceive as individual or collective sins
-1979, virginia minister, Jerry Falwell, created the self-styled Moral Majority
-devoted to waging a "war against sin" and electing "pro-life, pro-family, pro-america" candidates to office
-Falwell identified supporters of abortion rights, easy divorce, and "military unpreparedness" as the forces of satan
-hated the new American freedom/sexual revolution

Reaganomics

-reagan spoke of economic freedom, proposed economic bill of rights
-unlike his predesecors, reagans economic freedom meant curtailing the power of unions, dismantling regulations, and radically reducing taxes
-taxation, he declared, violated the principle that "the right to own your own keep and keep what you earn" was "what it means to be free"
-policy assumed that cutting taxes would inspire Americans at all income levels to work harder, since they'd get to keep more of their money
-1981 persuaded congress to reduce the top tax rate from 70% to 50% and to index tax brackets to take inflation into account
-5 years later the Tax Reform Act reduced the rate on wealthiest Americans to 28%, sharp retreat from the principle of progressivity (the idea that the wealthy should pay a higher percentage of their income than regular citizens) (trying to address the unequal distribution of wealth)
-Reagan also appointed conservative heads of regulatory agencies, who cut back on environmental protection and work place safety rules which business had complained about for years
-**critics dubbed reaganomics that it produced the most severe recession since 1930's
-by end of reagan's term, real gross domestic product had risen by 25% and unemployment was down to 5.5%

Mujahideen

They contested Marxist control of Afghanistan, so the Carter administration spent 40 million dollars to train them and provide them with weapons they needed to over through the Marxist governemnt. Even though they were Muslim Extremist and a some what oppressive government, the US seen the USSR as the greater threat. They were a gateway organization to Al-Qaeda , the Taliban, and ISIS.

New World Order

USSR fell and was dissolved into 13 new countries, the Berlin wall was torn down, and established the United Sates as the world police force. It successfully ended the Cold-War.

SCLC

(Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Set out to eliminate segregation from American society and to encourage African Americans to register to vote.
-Black ministers lead by Martin Luther King Jr.
-Challenged segregation.

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) A group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination.
-Primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Freedom Summer led directly to one of the most dramatic confrontations of the civil rights era---the campaign by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) to take the seats of the state's all-white official party at the 1964 Democratic national convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The civil rights movement in Mississippi had created the MFDP, open to all residents of the state.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Authority granted by congress to President Johnson in 1964 to approve and support in advance " The determination of the president as commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the U.S.

Southern Manifesto

The Southern Manifesto, also known as the Declaration of Constitutional Principles, was written and signed in 1956, in resistance to the Supreme Court Case, Brown v Board of Education, which ruled it unconstitutional to segregate schools. The Manifesto was signed by all Southern Democrats in congress, except three (including Lyndon Johnson), a total of 101 politicians.

Democratic Leadership Council

Non-profit organization of centrist Democrats founded in the mid-1980s. The group attempted to push the Democratic party toward progrowth, strong defense, and anticrime policies. Among its most influential early members was Bill Clinton, whom it held up as an example of "third way" politics.

Ella Baker

Ella Baker was the executive director of the SCLC. She called a meeting at an April 1960 conference of 120 black student activists in Raleigh, North Carolina to help the student assess their experiences and plan future actions with civil rights. With Baker's encouragement, the conference voted to establish a new group, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

ESSAY QUESTION: Discuss the political realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties from the early 1960s
through the 1990s. You should begin by very briefly describing the electoral base of both parties
at the beginning of the 1960s. From there, describe the political, social, and economic forces that dramatically transformed the two parties beginning with the 1964 presidential election through the presidency of Bill Clinton. Your answer must include specific events, people, and
organizations that contributed to the political realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties.

1960s:
Dems: Southern whites, working class, unions, northern blacks, jews, immigrants

Repubs: Big business, upper class, Northern whites

Events:
-'64 LBJ & Goldwater
-wins southern states
-against civil rights movement

-LBJ passes civil rights & voting act

-Immigration act passed

-'68 Dem National Convention

-Nixon's Southern Strategy
-war on drugs

-'72 Election Jimmy Carter born again Christian

-Neoconservatives

-Reagan election & moral majority

-Air traffic controllers strike
-fines 3000 workers

After Clinton Election:
Dems: Immigrants, unionists, blacks & minorities, unions, Jews, women, elderly, poor

Repubs: big business & upper class (Reaganomics), Northern whites, Southern whites, working class whites, moral majority, Evangelicals and born again Christians (Jerry Fallwell), Neoconservatives