Unit 2: Chemistry of Life

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Last updated 10:24 PM on 9/19/26
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24 Terms

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acid

a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH

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adhesion

the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance

<p>the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance</p>
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amino acid

a monomer of a protein

<p>a monomer of a protein</p>
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anion

a negative ion formed by gaining electrons

<p>a negative ion formed by gaining electrons</p>
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base

a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pH

<p>a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pH</p>
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buffer

a solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

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carbohydrate

a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells

<p>a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells</p>
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cation

a positive ion formed by losing electrons

<p>a positive ion formed by losing electrons</p>
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cellulose

a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell

<p>a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell</p>
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chemical bond

an interaction between two or more of the same or different elements that results in the formation of molecules

<p>an interaction between two or more of the same or different elements that results in the formation of molecules</p>
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chitin

a type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi

<p>a type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi</p>
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cohesion

the intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creates surface tension

<p>the intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creates surface tension</p>
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covalent bond

a type of strong bond between two or more of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between elements

<p>a type of strong bond between two or more of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between elements</p>
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denaturation

the loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

<p>the loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals</p>
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the cell

<p>a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the cell</p>
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disaccharide

two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycodsidic bond

<p>two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycodsidic bond</p>
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electron

a negatively charged particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a charge of -1

<p>a negatively charged particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a charge of -1</p>
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electron transfer

the movement of electrons from one element to another

<p>the movement of electrons from one element to another</p>
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element

one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances and retain the characteristic of that substance; each element has a specified number of protons and unique properties

<p>one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances and retain the characteristic of that substance; each element has a specified number of protons and unique properties</p>
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enzyme

a catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

<p>a catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein</p>
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evaporation

the release of water molecules from liquid water to form water vapor

<p>the release of water molecules from liquid water to form water vapor</p>
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fat

a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol (triglyceride) that typically exists in a solid form at room temperature

<p>a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol (triglyceride) that typically exists in a solid form at room temperature</p>
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glycogen

a storage carbohydrate in animals

<p>a storage carbohydrate in animals</p>
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hormone

a chemical signaling molecule, usually a protein or steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells; acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes

<p>a chemical signaling molecule, usually a protein or steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells; acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes</p>