Untitled Flashcards Set

Protection

Shields from UV light, dehydration, chemicals, and infections.

Temperature Regulation

Sweat glands (merocrine) and blood flow adjustments help maintain body temperature.

Excretion

The removal of salts, water, and organic waste from the body.

Vitamin D Synthesis

UV light converts cholesterol to Vitamin D3, which is processed by the liver and kidneys to produce calcitriol.

Lipid Storage

Storage of lipids in the dermis and subcutaneous layers of the skin.

Sensory Detection

The ability to perceive touch, pressure, pain, and temperature through sensory receptors.

Immune Defense

Langerhans cells protect the skin against pathogens and skin cancer.

Wound Healing

Involves clotting, inflammation, tissue repair, and remodeling processes.

Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis, containing basal cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.

Stratum Spinosum

Layer with 8-10 layers of keratinocytes, contains desmosomes and Langerhans cells.

Stratum Granulosum

Layer with 3-5 layers of keratinocytes, responsible for keratin production and water resistance.

Stratum Lucidum

Present only in thick skin, composed of densely packed dead keratinized cells.

Stratum Corneum

The outer protective layer of skin, consisting of 15-30 layers of dead keratinized cells.

Cell Migration

The process where skin cells move from the basal layer to the corneum in approximately 4 weeks.

Shedding Cycle

The process where dead skin cells slough off after about 6 weeks.

Hair Functions

Includes UV protection, sensory perception, insulation, and reducing friction.

Hair Anatomy

Hair is composed of keratin, with pigment derived from melanocytes.

Anagen Phase

The active growth phase of hair lasting 2-5 years during which new cells are produced.

Catagen Phase

The regression phase of hair growth lasting about 2 weeks.

Telogen Phase

The resting phase of hair lasting about 3 months before hair sheds and a new cycle begins.

Male Pattern Baldness

A genetic condition related to sensitivity to DHT, causing hair follicles to shrink over time.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that produce sebum to lubricate and protect the skin, providing antibacterial properties.

Merocrine Glands

Sweat glands active throughout life for thermoregulation and water-based secretion.

Apocrine Glands

Sweat glands that develop at puberty, known for thicker secretions and possible pheromonal functions.

Ceruminous Glands

Glands that produce earwax to protect the ear canal.

Mammary Glands

Modified sweat glands that produce milk.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Least malignant skin cancer, most common, originating in stratum basale.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Skin cancer arising in stratum spinosum, can metastasize if untreated.

Melanoma

Most dangerous type of skin cancer, highly metastatic, originating in melanocytes.

ABCED Rule

Guidelines for detecting melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Elevation.

Support (Skeletal System)

The framework that provides support and attachment sites for muscles.

Storage (Skeletal System)

Bones store calcium, phosphate, and lipids.

Blood Cell Production

Red and white blood cells are produced in red bone marrow.

Protection (Skeletal System)

Bones protect vital organs such as the skull for the brain and ribs for the chest.

Leverage (Skeletal System)

Bones enable movement by providing leverage for muscles.

Compact Bone

Dense outer layer of bone that provides strength.

Spongy Bone

Porous inner layer of bone containing red bone marrow.

Periosteum

Outer fibrous membrane of bone that provides nutrient supply.

Endosteum

Lining of the inner surface of bone, involved in growth and repair.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

Osteoblasts

Cells that build new bone by secreting osteoid.

Osteoclasts

Cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue during resorption.

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

Intramembranous Ossification

Process that forms flat bones from mesenchymal tissue.

Endochondral Ossification

Process where cartilage is replaced by bone, common in long bones.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that increases blood calcium levels through various mechanisms.

Calcitonin

Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels, promoting bone deposition.

Hematoma Formation

Initial stage of bone repair when a blood clot forms at the fracture site.

Callus Formation

Stage of bone repair where fibrocartilage and collagen stabilize the fracture.

Ossification

Stage of bone repair where spongy bone replaces fibrocartilage.

Remodeling (Bone Repair)

Final stage of bone repair, compact bone replaces spongy bone.

Structural Joint Classifications

Includes bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Functional Joint Classifications

Includes synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable).

ACL

Anterior cruciate ligament that prevents forward movement of the tibia.

PCL

Posterior cruciate ligament that prevents backward movement of the tibia.

MCL/LCL

Collateral ligaments that prevent side-to-side movement of the knee.

Menisci

Cartilage structures that absorb shock and stabilize the knee joint.

Tommy John Surgery

Surgery for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction commonly performed on pitchers.

Excitation (Muscle Contraction)

Nerve impulse releases ACh at the neuromuscular junction.

Depolarization (Muscle Contraction)

The entry of Na+ into muscle fibers that triggers an action potential.

Ca2+ Release (Muscle Contraction)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium during muscle contraction.

Cross-Bridge Formation (Muscle Contraction)

Calcium binds to troponin, exposing binding sites on actin.

Power Stroke (Muscle Contraction)

Myosin pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere.

ATP Binding (Muscle Contraction)

The process where myosin detaches from actin and resets for another contraction.

Perspiration Types

Sweating can be classified mainly into merocrine (normal sweat) and apocrine (sweat associated with scent).

Skin Color

The pigmentation of the skin is determined by the amount of melanin produced, UV exposure, and genetic factors.

Time Table of Skin Growth

Skin cells migrate from the stratum basale to the surface in about 4 weeks, with a shedding cycle approximately every 6 weeks.

Cell Dehydration

Occurs when cells lose water, impacting their function and viability; dehydration can lead to dry skin and impaired barrier function.

Cell Attachments

Cells in the epidermis are connected by desmosomes, which provide structural integrity and allow for communication.

Dermal Papillae/Epidermal Ridges

These structures enhance the grip of the skin and increase the surface area for nutrients exchanged between dermis and epidermis.

Administration of Drugs

Drugs can be administered transdermally (through the skin) for systemic effects, often utilizing microneedles or patches.

Layers of Epidermis/Dermis

The epidermis has five layers: stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale. The dermis consists of the papillary and reticular layers.

What Happens in Each Layer of Epidermis

Stratum corneum (dead cells), lucidum (thick skin), granulosum (keratin production), spinosum (strength), basale (cell division).

Steps of Vitamin D Metabolism

Vitamin D synthesis involves UV light converting cholesterol to D3, which is activated by the liver and kidneys to calcitriol.

Functions of Integument

Protects against UV light, regulates temperature, excretes waste, synthesizes Vitamin D, and provides sensory detection.

Vitamin A

Essential for skin health, vision, and immune function, primarily obtained from dietary sources such as carrots and leafy greens.

Hair Follicle

The structure from which hair grows, composed of the bulb, root, shaft, and associated sebaceous and arrector pili muscles.

Cycles of Hair Growth

Includes anagen (growth phase), catagen (regression phase), and telogen (resting phase) lasting different durations.

Male Pattern Baldness

A genetic condition affecting hair follicles that causes them to shrink, leading to thinning and eventual hair loss.

Exocrine Glands

Glands such as sebaceous and sweat glands that secrete substances onto the epithelial surface rather than into the bloodstream.

Types of Skin Cancer

Includes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma, each with varying degrees of severity.

Skin Injury Stages

Stages include hemostasis (clotting), inflammation, proliferation (tissue formation), and remodeling.

Functions of Skeletal System

Provides support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection of organs, and leverage for movement.

Types of Cartilage

Includes hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage, differing in composition and function.

Composition of Bone

Bone is composed of organic (collagen) and inorganic (hydroxyapatite) components, providing strength and flexibility.

Cells of Bone

Includes osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells, each playing a role in bone metabolism.

Types of Ossification

Intramembranous (flat bone formation) and endochondral (replacement of cartilage with bone) ossification processes.

Bone Repair

Involves stages: hematoma formation, callus formation, ossification, and remodeling to heal fractures.

Osteopenia

A condition characterized by lower-than-normal bone density, increasing the risk of fractures.

Types of Articulations

Articulations include bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints, categorized by structure and function.

Ligaments of Knee

Includes ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL that provide stability and prevent abnormal movements.

Tommy John Surgery

Surgical procedure for reconstructing the ulnar collateral ligament in the elbow, common among athletes.

Calcium Regulation

Calcium levels are regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin affecting osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Hormones on Osteoblast/Osteoclast Activity

PTH stimulates osteoclast activity to increase calcium levels, while calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and promotes bone deposition.

Muscle Tissue Layers

Muscle tissue consists of layers: epimysium (outer), perimysium (bundles), and endomysium (individual fibers).

Sarcomere

The basic contractile unit of muscle fiber, composed of actin and myosin filaments.

Myofibril

A cylindrical structure within muscle cells containing sarcomeres, responsible for muscle contraction.

Actin/Myosin

Actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments) interact during muscle contraction through cross-bridge cycling.

Muscle Contraction Stages

Stages include excitation, depolarization, Ca2+ release, cross-bridge formation, power stroke, and ATP binding.

Motor Neuron/Motor Unit

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates; responsible for muscle control and contraction.