Chapter 8: Human Population

Practice flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 8 on human population, including growth rates, IPAT, demography, population pyramids, demographic transition, fertility, and related dynamics.

What is the current global population as stated in the notes?

About 7.3 billion.

How many people are added to the global population each year according to the notes?

About 88 million per year (roughly 2.8 people per second).

When did the world population reach 1 billion?

After 1800.

How often is a new billion added to the population?

About every 12 years.

What is exponential growth?

A growth pattern where a small percentage increase yields a large absolute increase because the base is large.

How can you estimate population doubling time?

Divide 70 by the annual percentage growth rate.

Global doubling time at 1.2% growth is approximately?

58 years.

China's doubling time before the one-child policy?

About 25 years (70/2.8%).

What does the IPAT model represent?

I = P × A × T, where I is environmental impact, P is population, A is affluence, and T is technology.

What is the extended IPAT equation by adding a sensitivity factor?

I = P × A × T × S, where S denotes environmental vulnerability.

In IPAT, what does P stand for?

Population.

In IPAT, what does A stand for?

Affluence.

In IPAT, what does T stand for?

Technology.

What is demography?

The study of statistical changes in the human population.

What is a population pyramid?

An age-structure diagram describing the numbers of individuals in each age class.

What does a pyramid with a wide base indicate?

A large proportion of pre-reproductive age people and potential for rapid future growth.

What does an even age distribution in a population pyramid indicate?

A stable population.

What does a pyramid with a higher proportion of post-reproductive individuals indicate?

A shrinking population.

Nigeria vs Canada: which country’s young population indicates greater growth potential?

Nigeria.

What is the current world median age and its projection for 2050?

Median age is about 28 now; projected to be 35 by 2050.

What is the natural sex ratio at birth?

About 106 males born per 100 females.

How has China’s sex ratio been affected?

Skewed toward more males, about 116 boys per 100 girls, influenced by the one-child policy.

How do births and immigration affect population size?

Births and immigration add individuals; deaths and emigration remove individuals.

What happened to infant mortality in China from 1980 to 2013?

Dropped from about 47 to about 16 deaths per 1,000 live births.

What is replacement fertility for humans?

2.1 children per woman.

What is total fertility rate (TFR) and its trend with development?

The average number of children a woman would have; it has decreased with industrialization and improved women’s rights.