Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, and Metabolism Review Flashcards

Flashcards testing key vocabulary terms across lymphatic immunity, pharmacology, musculoskeletal structures, digestive processes, and metabolism/endocrine concepts based on lecture learning objectives.

Interstitial Fluid

Extracellular fluid located in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

Lymph

The extracellular fluid collected within lymphatic vessels and passed through lymph nodes.

Spleen

A lymphatic organ located in the abdominopelvic cavity that functions in blood filtration, removal of old red blood cells, and immune response.

IgM

A class of antibody that lasts a short time, meaning its presence indicates a very recent or current exposure to an antigen.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Molecules that function in presenting antigens and enabling the immune system to differentiate self from non-self.

Herd Immunity

Resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that occurs when a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune.

Pharmacodynamics

The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body and their mechanisms of action.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of how the body processes a drug through the four sequential processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Agonist

A drug or molecule that binds to a specific receptor and activates it to trigger a biological response.

Antagonist

A drug or molecule that binds to a receptor and blocks or inhibits its biological response.

Hepatic First Pass Effect

The initial metabolism of an orally administered drug by the liver before it enters systemic circulation, reducing its overall bioavailability.

Drug Bioavailability

The proportion or percentage of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged to exert its effect.

Selective Toxicity

The ability of an antimicrobial drug to injure or destroy a pathogen without causing harm to the host cells.

Bactericidal

Refers to an antimicrobial agent or treatment that directly kills bacteria.

Bacteriostatic

Refers to an antimicrobial agent or treatment that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria without directly killing them.

Periosteum

A dense membrane surrounding the outer surface of bone that provides protection, nourishment, aids in growth, and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments.

Osteon

The structural and functional unit of compact bone tissue.

Epiphyseal Plate

A layer of hyaline cartilage at the end of a long bone where active growth in bone length takes place.

Epiphyseal Line

The structural remnant of an epiphyseal plate that replaces the cartilage once bone growth in length ceases.

Bone Resorption

The process by which osteoclasts breakdown bone extracellular matrix and release minerals such as $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ into the blood.

Bone Deposit

The process by which osteoblasts lay down new mineralized bone tissue matrix.

Osteoporosis

A skeletal condition characterized by a significant loss of bone density and mass, increasing susceptibility to bone fractures.

Synovial Fluid

A fluid secreted by the synovial membrane that functions to lubricate joints, absorb shocks, and supply nutrients to articular cartilage.

Muscle Tone

The continuous and passive partial contraction of muscle tissue that helps maintain posture and vessel tone.

Hypertonia

An abnormally high level of muscle tone or tension.

Hypotonia

An abnormally decreased level of muscle tone or tension.

Atrophy

The reduction in muscle mass or tissue size caused by disuse, nerve injury, or disease.

Hypertrophy

The increase in muscle size or cell volume resulting from increased workload or physical exertion.

Dysphagia

Difficulty or pain associated with the act of swallowing.

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gum tissues surrounding the teeth.

Halitosis

A condition characterized by persistent foul or unpleasant breath.

Epiglottis

A cartilaginous flap located at the entrance of the larynx that prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea during swallowing.

Stellate Reticuloendothelial (Kupffer's) Cells

Specialized phagocytic macrophages located in the liver that engulf pathogens, worn-out blood cells, and foreign debris.

Peristalsis

A mechanical movement of rhythmic, wave-like muscular contractions that propels food along the digestive tract.

Segmentation

A mechanical movement in the intestines characterized by localized contractions that mix food with digestive secretions.

Anabolism

Metabolic reactions that construct complex chemical compounds from smaller molecules, requiring energy input.

Catabolism

Metabolic reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Glycogenesis

The metabolic process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose, which acts to lower blood glucose levels.

Glycogenolysis

The metabolic process of breaking down stored glycogen into glucose, which acts to raise blood glucose levels.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic creation of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, acting to raise blood glucose levels.

Lipolysis

The metabolic breakdown of lipids (triglycerides) into glycerol and fatty acids.

Lipogenesis

The metabolic synthesis of lipids from acetyl-CoA or excess carbohydrates and proteins.

Endocrine Gland

A ductless gland that secretes chemical messengers (hormones) directly into interstitial fluid or the bloodstream.

Exocrine Gland

A gland that secretes non-hormonal substances through ducts onto epithelial surfaces or into body cavities.

Calcitriol

The active form of Vitamin D synthesized in the body that functions to increase calcium absorption in the intestines.

Thyroid Hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$)

Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate basal metabolic rate, body temperature, and cellular energy expenditure.