Reformation Study Guide 4 Kramour Glamour Quest

What economic system did Europeans learn from Muslims in the late 11th century?

Mercantilism, which involves purchasing goods where they are available and selling them for a higher price where they are scarce.

What significant economic change occurred in Europe during the 12th century?

The European economy began to boom due to the growth of mercantilism and increased movement of goods.

What concept was invented in medieval Catholic doctrine during the 12th century?

The concept of purgatory.

How did the Church begin to raise funds in the late 13th century?

By sending out people to beg for money and introducing the concept of indulgences.

What is an indulgence?

The selling of forgiveness from sins

Who were some pre-cursors to the Reformation before 1517?

John Wycliffe and John Huss.

Who was John Wycliffe?

professor at Oxford university, criticized materialism of the Church, a "pre-protestant" thinker

Who was John Huss?

theologian reformer (before Luther) that was burned at the stake

What event did Martin Luther initiate in 1517?

The Protestant Reformation, with a call for reform of corrupt church practices.

Who was Martin Luther?

German monk and professor of theology

What document did Martin Luther write to criticize indulgences?

The 95 Theses.

How did the invention of the printing press impact the Reformation?

It helped disseminate criticisms of the Church, making indulgences a 'big business' and increasing criticism in northern Europe.

What was the aim of the Church of England's reform process in the early 16th century?

To purify the faith from abuses like indulgences and corruption while maintaining structure and reverence.

What significant Bible was authorized by Henry VIII in 1539?

The Great Bible, the first English Bible authorized for public reading in churches.

What was re-established in 1542 under Pope Paul IV?

The Roman Inquisition.

What is the Roman Inquisition?

A group of Catholics in charge of combatting Protestantism

What was the Council of Trent?

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

What is the Book of Common Prayer?

- English translations of Latin prayers

- with this, English replaces Latin in the Anglican Church

Sola Fide

Justification by faith alone

What were the 42 Articles, drafted in 1553?

They were a framework for the Church of England's theology, later reduced to 39 Articles.

What major conflict occurred in France from 1562 to 1598?

The French Wars of Religion.

What is a Huguenot?

French Calvinist Protestant

What is the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

It was a plot created by The Duke of Guise of the Catholic church to kill of the Huguenots on the country side during Margaret and Henry's wedding.

What is the Edict of Nantes?

Granted limited toleration to French protestants. Religious wars ceased, in the new century of France blossomed into the mightiest and most feared nation in Europe.

What was Martin Luther's call for reform primarily against?

The sale of indulgences.

Who was Johann Tetzel in the context of the Reformation?

A prominent seller or preacher of indulgences whose practices drew criticism.

What doctrine is John Calvin known for developing?

Calvinism and the doctrine of predestination.

What significant work did John Calvin write?

Institutes of Christian Religion.

What role did King Henry VIII play in the English Reformation?

He sought an annulment from his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and authorized the first English Bible for public reading.

Who was Thomas Cranmer?

Archbishop of Canterbury and Protestant reformer

What was Queen Catherine Parr known for advocating?

Scriptural literacy, including among women.

What was the nickname of Mary I and what was her religious policy?

'Bloody Mary'; she attempted to restore Catholicism and persecuted Protestants.

What was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement?

Aimed for a middle ground between Roman Catholicism and more radical Protestant sects, established by Elizabeth I.

Who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and what was its focus?

Ignatius Loyola; focused on missionary work and education.

What was the Council of Trent and who convened it?

A significant council in the Catholic Counter-Reformation convened by Pope Paul III.

What did Pope Paul IV re-establish and what did he publish?

The Roman Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books.

Who was Teresa of Avila and what was she known for?

A figure in Catholicism known for her mystical experiences.

Who was Henry of Navarre and what was his major contribution?

A French Protestant who became King of France, converted to Catholicism, and issued the Edict of Nantes to end the French Wars of Religion.

What was the medieval Catholic understanding of sin and repentance that led to the concept of indulgences?

Medieval Catholic doctrine held that repentance alone was insufficient; temporal punishment and good works were necessary for expiation.

What role did temporal punishment play in the medieval Catholic understanding of sin?

Temporal punishment required sinners to perform penance or good works to demonstrate genuine repentance and pay retribution for their sins.

What was the belief regarding sins not properly expiated in life?

Sins not properly expiated were believed to result in a period in purgatory, a place of further temporal punishment.

How did the English Reformation view good works in relation to salvation?

Good works were seen as the natural fruit of salvation and true faith, rather than a prerequisite for it.

What were some criticisms of the Catholic Church during the Reformation besides the sale of indulgences?

Critics pointed to the worldly corruption of clergy, political interference, luxurious lifestyles, and the immense power of the Pope.

What was the public's perception of the clergy during the Reformation period?

There was a perception of corruption and hypocrisy among clergy, who were expected to embody humility and penance.

How did the Church's wealth contrast with societal conditions during the Reformation?

The Church's vast wealth was criticized in contrast to the poverty outside its cathedrals.

What was the significance of the printing press in relation to indulgences?

The printing press facilitated the widespread sale of indulgences, making them a 'big business' for the Church.

What was the Church's motivation for creating the system of indulgences?

The Church needed money to fund its charitable activities and capitalized on the public's familiarity with monetary exchange.

What was the relationship between indulgences and charitable deeds?

Indulgences were presented as a way to substitute for the charitable deeds required for temporal punishment.

What was the role of purgatory in the medieval Catholic view of sin?

Purgatory was seen as a place for further temporal punishment for sins not adequately expiated in life.

What was the impact of the Reformation on the understanding of salvation?

The Reformation shifted the understanding of salvation from being earned through works to being a gift of God's grace received through faith.

What did critics of the Catholic Church argue about the Pope's power?

Critics raised concerns about the immense power of the Pope over sovereign nations.

What was the perception of the clergy's lifestyle during the Reformation?

Many clergy were criticized for living luxurious and hypocritical lifestyles, contrary to their supposed embodiment of humility.

What did reformers advocate regarding individual faith and Scripture?

Reformers advocated for a stronger emphasis on individual faith and the direct reading of Scripture.

What was the English Church's position on Scripture for individual believers?

The English Church strongly advocated for individuals to read and understand Scripture for themselves, departing from the Catholic practice of keeping the Bible in Latin.

What was the significance of the Great Bible (1539)?

The Great Bible was the first English Bible authorized for public reading in churches, making God's Word accessible in the vernacular.

How did the English Reformation navigate between Roman Catholicism and radical Protestant sects?

The English Reformation sought a 'middle way' by rejecting key Catholic practices while retaining aspects of traditional structure and worship.

What sacraments did the Church of England retain during the Reformation?

The Church of England retained sacraments like baptism and the Eucharist, though their role in salvation was reinterpreted.

What role did the printing press play in the spread of Luther's ideas?

The printing press made it possible to reproduce texts like Luther's 95 Theses quickly and in large quantities.

How did the printing press amplify the voices of critics during the Reformation?

It allowed individuals to engage with and interpret religious texts for themselves, fueling the revolutionary nature of the Reformation.

What did the Reformation lead to in terms of Christian doctrine?

The Reformation led to the fragmentation of Christian doctrine.

What was the significance of the Reformation in European history?

The Reformation was a pivotal period that profoundly impacted Christianity and European culture.

What is simony in the context of the Catholic Church?

Simony refers to the buying or selling of church offices or privileges.

What was the medieval Catholic doctrine regarding indulgences?

Sinners required not only repentance and confession but also 'temporal punishment' or retribution for their sins.

What was the role of the clergy's good works in the context of indulgences?

The church proposed substituting the good works of the clergy for the good works required of individual believers as temporal punishment.

What did an indulgence represent?

An indulgence was a piece of paper certifying the substitution of good works.

What was the perceived moral state of the clergy leading up to the Reformation?

There was a widespread perception of moral decay among the clergy.

What were some examples of abuses within the Catholic Church mentioned in the notes?

Examples included indulgences, political interference, and corruption.

What was a key emphasis of the Reformation regarding Scripture?

The importance of individuals reading and understanding Scripture for themselves.

What did Catherine Parr advocate for during the English Reformation?

Scriptural literacy, particularly among women.

What distinct path did the English Reformation take?

It established a 'middle way' between Roman Catholicism and more radical Protestant sects.

Who were some key figures in the English Reformation?

King Henry VIII, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, Queen Catherine Parr, and King Edward VI.

What was the goal of the Church of England during the Reformation?

To purify the faith from abuses while preserving unity and order.

How did the Book of Common Prayer change the focus of worship?

It reflected Protestant theology focused on faith while reducing emphasis on Catholic rituals and works-based salvation.

How did the English Reformation evolve over time?

It evolved through various stages, from Henry VIII's break with Rome to the reigns of Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth.

What were the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) and one of their primary activities during the Counter-Reformation?

The Jesuits were a religious order founded to counter the Protestant Reformation, and one of their primary activities was education and missionary work.

What was one major outcome of the Council of Trent in response to the Protestant Reformation?

The Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and addressed abuses within the Church, leading to reforms in church practices.

What did the Church of England reject in relation to Catholic practices?

The Church of England rejected practices like purgatory and indulgences.

What was the purpose of accessible Scripture according to Thomas Cranmer?

The Word of God must be plainly taught, so that all the faithful may be edified.

What was the impact of the Reformation on European culture?

It led to widespread religious and political upheaval across Europe.

What was the significance of vernacular Scripture during the Reformation?

It allowed individuals to engage with the Bible directly, fostering personal faith and interpretation.

How did the Reformation challenge the traditions of the Catholic Church?

It questioned the authority of the Church and emphasized personal faith and interpretation of Scripture.

What was the relationship between the Protestant Reformation and the English Reformation?

The English Reformation sought to forge a reformed church while maintaining some traditional structures.

How did mercantilism function as an economic practice?

Goods were bought in one location and sold for a higher price in another where they were scarce, leading to economic growth.

What theological principle did the Church of England emphasize regarding salvation?

Salvation by faith alone (sola fide), focusing on justification through faith in Christ's merits rather than through works.

How did the English Bible impact scripture accessibility?

It made scripture available in the common language, promoting personal reading and reducing reliance on clergy for interpretation.

Who founded the Jesuits and what was their focus?

Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits, focusing on missionary work and converting non-Christians or reconciling Protestants to Catholicism.

What was one outcome of the Council of Trent?

The reaffirmation of traditional Catholic doctrines and practices in response to Protestant criticisms.

What does 'justification by faith alone' mean in Protestantism?

It emphasizes that salvation is granted by God solely through faith in Jesus Christ, not through good works or rituals.

What was the Counter-Reformation?

A period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, involving reforms within the Catholic Church.

What is Anglicanism?

The tradition of Christian faith and practice that developed within the Church of England, seen as a 'middle way' between Catholicism and Protestantism.

What was the Great Bible and its significance?

The first authorized edition of the Bible in English, published in 1539 by King Henry VIII for use in English churches.

What was the main theological difference between Catholicism and Protestantism regarding salvation?

Catholicism emphasized faith and works, while Protestantism emphasized justification by faith alone.

What was the significance of the English Reformation?

It challenged Catholic doctrines and practices, leading to the establishment of various Protestant churches.

What was the Jesuits' contribution to education?

They were known for their educational efforts and intellectual contributions alongside missionary work.

What did the Council of Trent address?

The challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation and initiated significant reforms within the Catholic Church.

What was the impact of the English Church's position on Bible reading?

It differed from traditional Catholicism by promoting personal reading and interpretation of scripture.

Who were key figures in the English Reformation seeking a 'middle way'?

Archbishop Thomas Cranmer and Queen Catherine Parr.