Mizzou Keller Exam 4

What is an optical isomer?

pairs of molecules that are mirrors of each other but cannot be superimposed onto each other

What is a non superimposable image?

mirror images that cannot perfectly align

What are the requirements of a chiral atom?

4 unique groups bonded to a single carbon atom

What is a chiral atom?

an atom bonded to 4 different groups or atoms leading to non superimposable mirror images

What is a racemic mixture?

contains equal amounts of both mirror image isomers

Explain compounds that are optical isomers?

1.Optical isomers have the same molecular formula

2.Optical isomers are mirror images of each other

3. Optical isomers differ in their interaction with polarized light

What is a dextrorotatory isomer?

An optical isomer that rotates plane polarized light in a clockwise direction

What is a Levorotatory isomer?

An optical isomer that rotates plane polarized light in a counterclockwise direction

What makes carbon a chiral atom?

Carbon is bonded to 4 different groups

What are compounds that are non superimposable mirror images of each other called?

Chiral/Optical isomers

Describe how drugs may affect the body's function.

1. A drug may bind to a receptor that controls transport mechanisms in and out of the cell

2. A drug that binds to the active site of a receptor blocks the natural substrate form binding to the same site

How is an Ester formed?

A carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

Describe steroids.

-Steroids have a wide variety of functions in the human body

-they share a common structure containing 4 fused rings

What is the main function in the human body of these 4 naturally occurring steroids?

1.Progesterone

2.Cholic Acid

3.Cholesterol

4.Cortisol

1. Regulation of the female reproductive cycle

2.digestion of fat

3. Important component of cell membranes

4. Regulation of metabolism

Describe the action of opiates in the human body.

-Opiates stimulate endorphin pathways in the brain

-Morphine type drugs bind to a receptor that interrupts transmission if pain to the spinal cord

Explain the R and S in Ibuprofen (3)

The R is the inactive component and S is the active component, sometimes the R can turn into the S, S is the pain reliever

Explain Cholesterol (4)

-non polar

-rigid and flat

-acts as a structural reinforcer, so that cell walls aren't too floppy

-non polar tails and polar heads

Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) structural importance

They determine the hormones' biological activity and their ability to interact with specific receptors in the body

-Estrogen has 2 OH and a CH3 group

-Testosterone has an O, OH, and 2 CH3 groups

Drug testing anabolic steroids

-testosterone and epi testosterone are naturally made in the body

-taking certain chemicals increase these one being andro

-similar structural forms and leads to Andro converting in the body into testosterone

Morphine VS Codeine

Morphine:

-Is a hydroxyl

-Great pain reliever

-addictive

Codeine:

-less effective

-less addictive

-not as potent

Synthesizing Esters

Ester= Acid+Hydroxyl

1. Acid.. break O-H bond

2. Hydroxyl... break C-O bond

MAKE H2O

For the new bond the C from the acid and O from the hydroxly create a new bond... ester and connect

Final product: Polyester

Marajuana (3)

-THC is the active ingredient

-Fat soluble and non polar

-Has a hydroxyl group attached(OH)

Methanphetamine

-Amine functional group

-Meth binds to the same receptors as adrenaline

Explain a drugs journey (ADME)

1.Adsorption- how it gets in

2. Distribution- where is goes

3. Metabolism- chemical modifications to get it out faster

4. Excrietor- when it gets out of the system

What do we need from food?

Energy, nutrients (vitamins, minerals), protein( amino acids), water

How are energy and calories extracted?

Breaks down the food into smaller particles, for sugar its glucose, then it goes through Glycolysis making ATP

Composition of the human body

20% protein, 55% water, 15% fat, 2% carbs, 5% minerals

What are lipids?

large class of non polar molecules (carbon containing) (fats.. solids)

What are oils?

fats that are liquid at room temperature

What is a triglyceride?

a glycerol backbone with three arms made of fatty acid chains

Saturated fats

Bad fats, Chain only has C-C single bonds

Unsaturated fats (3)

One or more C=C double bonds, fewer H atoms, produces a bend in the chain

Monounsaturated fat

one carbon-carbon double bond

Polyunsaturated fat

more than one double bond

Trans fats

-not naturally occurring

-90% are made industrially

-it's made by turning an oil into a solid

Cis fats vs Trans fats

Cis: hydrogen bonding on same side

trans: hydrogen bonding on opposite sides

Why are trans fats so bad?

-High density Lipoprotein (HDL) Vacuums up cholesterol around the body removing excess from circulatory system

-LDL has less protein more cholesterol, function: leaves cholesterol pockets around the body causing bad effects

Overall: Diets with lots of trans fats means an increase in LDL and decrease in HDL

What is a polymer?

chain of monomers

What is a monomer?

building blocks of polymers ( ex: glucose)

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

Three fates of glucose in a cell

1. Energy production (if needed immediately)

2.Short term storage (glycogen)

3. Long term storage (-glucose is broken down into 2 carbon fragments

-reassembled into fatty acids)

Explain Glycogen

-Arrangement is key

-Eat starch, but don't need the glucose right away it turns into glycogen

-when the body needs energy quickly it allows the ends to break off and give needed energy

Starch vs. Cellulose

The body can digest starch and not cellulose due to the difference in placement of the hydroxyl groups

Why is starch digestible?

-H2O can interact strongly with the OH groups on the outside walls of starch

-allows H2O molecules to come inside the molecule and dissolve starch

Proteins

-Chains of amino acids

-R groups differ in each amino acid giving the protein its specific function

-Amine and Acid

Polyamides

Acids cant react with acids and amine can't react with amine

how are tans fats formed?

Partial hydrogenation of natural oils

Hydrogentation

-hydrogens are added to unsaturated fats

-reduces C=C bonds to C-C bonds, H2 is added across double bonds

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Disaccharide

A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

many sugars

What is excess glucose used for in the body?

Polymerized to glycogen with the help of insulin and stored in our muscles and liver

Describe respiration

-Glucose is converted into CO2 and H2O

-Glucose is "burned" as fuel in the body during respiration

-process releases energy

Describe the release of energy in the body

1. The conversion of foods into CO2 and H2O and enegry involves hormones

2.The conversion of foods into CO2 and H2O and energy occurs over many steps

3. The conversion of foods into CO2 H2O and energy involves enzymes

Metabolism

life sustaining chemical reactions

Catabolism

breakdown of nutrients

Anabolism

Construction of cell components

Types of tryglycerides

1. Fats- Solid at room temp

2. Oils- liquid at room temp

Saturated Fats

Single C-C bonds only, solid

Unsaturated fats

1 or more C=C double bond