Exam 1- NSG 3130 Questions with 100% accurate solutions+ rationales 2026

Health

State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease (WHO).

Wellness

Process of self-care achieved by making choices that lead to a healthy life.

Basic Human Needs Model

Maslow's hierarchy used to prioritize care; physiological needs must be met before higher-level needs.

Self-Actualization

The motivation to reach one's full potential after lower-level needs are satisfied.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

Explains why people take preventive actions based on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.

Health Promotion Model (HPM)

Describes health as a positive dynamic state; behavior is motivated by desire to increase well-being.

Holistic Health Model

Views the body, mind, and environment as interacting; patient is active in healing process; uses complementary therapies (e.g., yoga, art, music).

Risk Factor Reduction

Gradual improvement of health behaviors to lower disease likelihood (e.g., exercise, smoking cessation).

Nurse's Role in Health Promotion

Model healthy lifestyles, teach self-care, involve patients in health goals, and educate about prevention.

Primary Prevention

Prevents disease onset through health education, immunizations, and risk assessments.

Secondary Prevention

Early detection and treatment of disease through screenings (e.g., mammograms, BP checks).

Tertiary Prevention

Restoration and rehabilitation after illness to return to optimal function (e.g., diabetes education, rehab).

Acute Illness

Short-term, abrupt onset, <6 months, with rapid appearance of symptoms.

Chronic Illness

Long-term condition >6 months, involves ongoing care, periods of wellness and exacerbation.

Stages of Illness Model

Explains how people cope with illness: 1) symptom experience 2) sick role 3) medical contact 4) dependent role 5) recovery.

Factors Affecting Health

Age, gender, genetics, lifestyle, environment, self-concept, beliefs, culture, and access to healthcare.

Internal Variables

Biological, psychological, and cognitive factors influencing health.

External Variables

Environmental, socioeconomic, cultural, and social support influences.

Non-Adherence Management

Find reason directly from patient, explore causes, show caring, encourage healthy behavior, use aids, and allow patient freedom in choices.

Health Risk Assessment

Identifies patient risk for disease/injury in next 10 years.

Health Promotion Across the Lifespan

Children: safety; Teens: substance use, sexuality; Adults: lifestyle diseases; Older adults: falls, depression, oral health.

Homeostasis

Balance of physiological processes that maintain internal stability.

Compensation

Body mechanism to maintain balance (e.g., ↑ heart rate for low BP).

Culture

Socially transmitted beliefs, values, and ways of life.

Ethnicity

Identification with a cultural group based on shared beliefs, customs, and language.

Enculturation

Process by which individuals learn their culture from birth.

Acculturation

Cultural change resulting from first-hand contact between groups.

Transcultural Nursing

Care that considers cultural similarities and differences for culturally congruent care.

Emic Perspective

Insider's (patient's) view of their culture.

Etic Perspective

Outsider's (nurse's) objective view of the patient's culture.

Health Disparities

Differences in care and outcomes between populations (e.g., minorities, low-income, elderly).

Cultural Competence

Ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures and beliefs.

Cultural Sensitivity

Recognizing and respecting cultural differences in care.

Culturally Congruent Care

Uses cultural knowledge in meaningful and safe ways to promote health.

Cultural Self-Assessment

Nurse examines their own beliefs and biases before providing care.

Generalization

Broad assumption about a group based on patterns.

Stereotype

Fixed, often negative belief about a group.

Prejudice

Judgment or opinion formed without adequate knowledge; can lead to discrimination.

The Joint Commission (TJC)

Requires healthcare facilities to meet standards for cultural competence and effective communication.

Culturally Responsive Care

Ask permission before touch, explain procedures, and include patient beliefs in care.

Delegation

Transfer of responsibility to a competent individual for a specific task while the RN retains accountability.

RN Responsibility

RN must assess, plan, evaluate, and follow up on delegated tasks.

1st Principle of Delegation

Know state nurse practice act, policies, and scope of practice.

2nd Principle of Delegation

RN cannot delegate assessment, planning, evaluation, or accountability.

3rd Principle of Delegation

Delegate cannot re-delegate the task to another person.

5 Rights of Delegation

Task, Circumstance, Person, Direction/Communication, Supervision/Evaluation.

UAP Tasks

Vitals, I&O, bathing, feeding, ambulation, postmortem care, safety setup, simple dressings, weights, CPR.

LPN Tasks

Administer meds (not IV unless certified), wound care, NG/foley insertion, reinforce teaching, enteral feedings.

RN Tasks

Assessment, teaching, evaluation, discharge planning, blood transfusions, complex care.

Unsafe Delegation Example

UAP redelegates vital signs to student nurse — NOT permitted.

Health Care Documentation

Written/electronic record describing patient, health status, care provided, and dates.

Documentation Standards

Set by facility policy, The Joint Commission (TJC), and CMS.

Correction Errors

Draw single line, label 'error,' sign with initials; never erase or alter record.

Medical Record

Legal document containing comprehensive info about patient care.

Electronic Health Record (EHR)

Collection of data over time from multiple sources; shared across settings.

Electronic Medical Record (EMR)

Record of one episode of care (e.g., one hospital stay or visit).

Narrative Charting

Chronological documentation; may be lengthy or repetitive.

Problem-Oriented Medical Record (POMR)

Integrates all disciplines' notes; formats include PIE, APIE, SOAP, DAR, etc.

PIE Note

Problem, Intervention, Evaluation.

SOAP Note

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan.

SOAPIE/SOAPIER

Adds Interventions, Evaluation, Revision.

DAR Note

Data, Action, Response.

Charting By Exception (CBE)

Only documents abnormal findings; assumes all else is normal.

Flow Sheets

Used for routine documentation (e.g., vitals, I&O, MAR, skin checks).

Kardex

Quick reference for key patient info, meds, treatments, and daily needs.

HIPAA

Protects all patient health information; written consent required for disclosure.

Hand-Off Report

Process of transferring patient-specific information to ensure continuity and safety.

SBAR/ISBAR

Communication format: (Identify) Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.

Incident Report

Documents unusual events; not part of medical record.

Sentinel Event

Event causing serious harm or death; often related to communication failures.

Documentation Do's

Chart teaching, patient words in quotes, responses to interventions, and objective findings.

Documentation Don'ts

Do not leave blanks, chart before completing task, or use vague/bias language.