Cardiopulmonary: Visible Body 3D Heart and Circulatory System

The ___ ___ receives O2 depleted blood and goes into the R ventricle.

right atrium

The ______ node causes contraction.

SA

The impulse travels to the AV node and then passes through the ___ ____ ____.

bundle of his

Control the flow of blood to the heart by opening and closing the chambers

valves

_____ are flaps on the valves of the heart that help prevent backflow

leaflets

arrythmia that occurs when impulses become disrupted and can be restored by defibrilation.

ventricular fibrillation

heart pumping action is comprised so blood remains in the ventricles and causes the heart to become less efficient

congestive heart failure

_____ that transport cholesterol can accumulate and create plaque like lesions and cause obstruction to blood flow

LDLs

happens when blood flow to heart tissue is obstructed and can be caused by a build up of plaque. This weakens the heart.

myocardial infarction

artherosclerotic plaque increasingly blocks blood flow

coronary artery disease

complication of DVT that cuts off blood supply to part of the lung

pulmonary embolism

what type of stroke is caused by a clot that partially blocks a clot and breaks off and travels into an artery in the brain to cut off blood supply

ischemic stroke

what type of stroke is caused by an artery in the brain that bursts and blood flows into the brain?

hemorrhagic stroke

test that measures the waves of electric activity in the heart as it beats

EKG

used to investigate the condition of the blood vessels that supply the heart

coronary angiogram

performed to reopen arteries that have become clogged by plaque build up

angioplasty

used to create a detour around a blocked artery to the heart

coronary bipass

procedure used to replace an aortic valve that is hardened or blocked and can't function properly. can restore normal blood flow

valve replacement

what rib is the base of the heart level with?

3rd

what two chambers of the heart make up the base of the heart?

RA and LA

where is the apex of the heart located?

5th rib, mid clavicle

what chamber of the heart makes up the apex?

LV

What two chambers make up the anterior portion of the heart?

RA and RV

what two portions of the heart make up the inferior/diaphragmatic portion of the heart?

RV and LV

what chamber of the heart makes up the lateral portion of the heart?

lateral LV

Where is the best place to auscultate the mitral valve?

5th intercostal space

Which valve is positioned moreso on the right side of the sternum?

aortic valve

Which valve is positioned moreso on the left side of the sternum?

pulmonary valve

what are the two portions of the pericardial sac?

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

what is the outermost level of the pericardial sac?

fibrous

what two layers make up the serious pericardium?

parietal layer

visceral layer

What are the three cardiac muscle layers of the heart?

endocardium

myocardium

epicardium

what layer of the heart muscle level is continuous with the heart valve tissue?

endocardium

what layer of the cardiac muscle is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

epicardium

what part of the paricardial levels encases the heart?

fibrous pericardium

fluid in between the parietal and serous levels of the pericardium from inflammation that squeezes the heart and restricts its action; caused by either viral, bacteria, or fungal infection.

pericarditis

advanced pericarditis. enough pressure that prevents the heart from relaxing between beats so it lessens the amount that can be pumped out

cardiac tamponade

What are the symptoms of cardiac tamponade?

severe drop in BP

shock

abnormal rhythms

death

arteries that lie within fat of visceral layer of pericardium

epicardial coronary arteries

arteries that run to deep areas within myocardium

subendocardial coronary arteries

what layer of blood vessel anatomy contains collagen and elastin fibers and nutrient blood vessels?

adventitia

what are the layers of the blood vessel from outermost to inside?

adventitia

media

intima

what layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells, elastin, and collagen?

media

what layer of blood vessels contains endothelial cells and subendothelial connective tissue?

intima

____ operate under high pressure

arteries

____ operate under low pressure

veins

What are the two main arteries that supply the heart?

right and left coronary arteries

the right and left coronary arteries branch off of the ____

aorta

What two arteries branch off the L coronary arteries?

LAD and circumflex artery

what artery branches into the right marginal artery and in some people the PDA?

right coronary

what artery supplies the RA, some of RV and the AV and SA node?

right coronary

What artery supplies the LA, most of the LV, most of the ventricular septum, and the SA node?

left coronary artery

what does the LCA divide into?

left circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery

what does the left coronary artery supply?

LA, part of the LV

what does the anterior interventricular artery supply?

most of LV

interventricular septum w/ bundle branches

part of RV

SA node

what does the posterior descending artery supply?

posterior interventricular septum, inferior LV

a blocked _____ ____ would lead to ischemia, or infarction of myocardium supplied distal to blocked vessel

blocked coronary artery/branch

which side of the heart is accustomed to operating under low pressure?

right side

which side of the heart is accustomed to working under high pressure?

left side

what layer of the heart facilitates pumping action/contractile elements?

myocardium

what layer of the heart is the innermost layer and lines the heart chambers?

endocardium

Blood enters the heart from the ____ and ____

SVC, IVC

valve between the RA and RV

tricuspid valve

the ____ pumps blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and into the lung

RV

blood is returned to the LA via the ___ ___

pulmonary vein

what valve separates the LA and LV?

mitral valve

contraction of the _____ causes pumping blood to all systemic organs except the lungs

LV

during contraction of the ventricles, blood exits the ____ through the aortic valve into the aorta

LV

If the ____ side of the heart is working more, pulmonary circulation will drain dry

left

if the ____ side of the heart is working more, pulmonary circulation will overflow

right

ventricular contraction

systole

ventricular relaxation

diastole

what artery arises from the right anterolateral surface of the aorta and descends into the coronary sinus?

right coronary artery

malfunctions of the L heart will be transmitted back into _____ circulation and R heart

pulmonary

what artery originates from the left anterolateral aspect of the aorta and splits into the anterior interventricular (LDA) and circumflex?

left coronary artery

malfunctions of the R heart affect ____ of the L heart and compromise blood supply to systemic organs

output

____ heart failure results in respiratory distress

L

smooth muscle of arteries receives autonomic stimulation from ________-______

alpha receptors

functions to include filtration, permeability, vasomotion, clotting, and inflammation

endothelium

____ in veins create unidirectional flow

valves

does cardiac muscle have elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulm?

less than skeletal muscle; some

where are the gap junctions of cardiac muscle?

intercalated discs

do cardiac cells exhibit individual neuromuscular junctions?

no

cardiac muscle functions from ____ ___ regulation

intrinsic system (also autonomic, hormones, stretch)

what type of myocytes make up the bulk of tissue?

working myocytes

what type of myocytes are specialized cells that spontaneous generate electrical pulses?

conducting myocytes

what type of myocytes make up the SA and AV nodes?

nodal myocytes

what type of myocytes make up the AV bundle and branches?

transitional myocytes

what are the parts of the conduction system?

sinoatrial node

atrioventricular node

bundle of his

purkinje fibers

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?

vagus nerve

what stimulates sympathetic innervation of the cardiovascular system?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

in late diastole, just prior to the ___ ____, the ventricles fill passively

p wave

at the time the P wave ends, the atria contract to eject _____% of the end-diastolic ventricular volume

20

a period of ____ ____ ___ begins shortly after the onset of the QRS complex

isovolumic ventricular contraction

___ ____ coinsides with the early portion of the ST segment

ventricular ejection

pressure on the LV side of aortic valve builds during ___ ____

isovolumetric contraction

___ ___ opens when pressure inside LV exceeds pressure in aorta

aortic valve

___ ____ closes as ejection of blood causes pressure to drop within LV, such that pressure in aorta is > pressure in LV

aortic valve

what is the formula for stroke volume?

SV = EDV-ESV

what is the formula for ejection fraction?

EF = SV/EDV